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FURTHER READING 357 Komuniecki, R. and Komuniecki, P.R. (1995). In: Aerobic–anaerobic transitions in energy metabolism during the development of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. In: Boothroyd, J.C. and Komuniecki, R. (eds). Molecular Approaches to Parasitology, Wiley-Liss, pp. 109–121. Komuniecki, R. and Komuniecki, P. (2001). Metabolic transitions and the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during development of Ascaris suum. In: Kennedy, M.W. and Harnett, W. (eds). Parasitic Nematodes: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Wallingford: CABI Publishing, pp. 269–279. Komuniecki, P.R. and Vanover, L. (1987). Biochemical changes during the aerobic–anaerobic transition in Ascaris suum larvae. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 22, 241–248. Komuniecki, R., Fekete, S. and Thissen, J. (1985). Purification and characterization of the 2-methylbranched chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the enoyl CoA reduction in anaerobic mitochondria of the nematode: Ascaris suum. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 4770–4777. Lane, C.A., Pax, R.A. and Bennett, J.L. (1987). L-Glutamine: an amino acid required for maintenance of the tegumental membrane potential of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 94, 233–242. Lloyd, G.M. (1986). Energy metabolism and its regulation in the adult liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 93, 217–248. Ma, Y., Funk, M., Dunham, W. and Komuniecki, R. (1993). Purification and characterization of electron-transfer flavoprotein: rhodoquinone oxidoreductase from anaerobic mitochondria of the adult parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20360–20365. MacKenzie, N.E., van de Waa, E.A., Gooley, P.R. et al. (1989). Comparison of glycolysis and glutaminolysis in Onchocerca volvulus and Brugia pahangi by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Parasitology 99, 427–435. Mahrenholz, A.M., Hefta, S.A. and Mansour, T.E. (1991). Phosphofructokinase from Fasciola hepatica: sequence of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288, 463–467. Masaracchia, R.A., Rantala, M.R. and Donahue, M.J. (2000). Glycogenin-dependent organization of Ascaris suum muscle glycogen. J. Parasitol. 86, 1206–1212. Matthews, P.M., Foxall, D., Shen, L. and Mansour, T.E. (1986). Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of carbohydrate metabolism and substrate cycling in Fasciola hepatica. Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 65–73. Omura, S., Miyadera, H., Ui, H. et al. (2001). An anthelminthic compound, nafuredin, shows selective inhibition of complex I of helminth mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 60–62. Rao, G.S.J., Cook, P.F. and Harris, B.G. (1991). Effector-induced conformational transitions in Ascaris suum phosphofructokinase; a fluorescence and circular dichroism study. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 8884–8890. Rao, G.S., Schnackerz, K.D., Harris, B.G. and Cook, P.F. (1995). pH-dependent allosteric transition in Ascaris suum phosphofructokinase distinct from that observed with fructose 2,6- bisphosphate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 322, 410–416. Saz, H.J. (1971). Anaerobic phosphorylation in Ascaris mitochondria and the effect of anthelmintics. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 39B, 627–637. Saz, H.J. and deBruyn, B.S. (1987). Separation and function of two acyl CoA transferases from Ascaris lumbricoides mitochondria. J. Exp. Zool. 242, 241–245. Song, H.B., Thissen, J. and Komuniecki, R. (1991). Novel pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity from mitochondria of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 48, 101–104. Takamiya, S., Kita, K., Wang, H. et al. (1993). Developmental changes in the respiratory chain of Ascaris mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1141, 65–74 Thissen J. and Komuniecki, R. (1988). Phosphorylation and inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase from the anaerobic parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum: stoichiometry, and amino acid sequence around the phosphorylation sites. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 19092–19097. Tielens, A.G.M. (1994). Energy generation in parasitic helminths. Parasitol. Today 10, 346–352. Tielens, A.G.M., van den Meer, P., van den Heuvel, J.M. and van den Bergh, S.G. (1991). The enigmatic presence of all gluconeogenic enzymes in Schistosoma mansoni adults. Parasitology 102, 267–276. Tielens, A.G.M., van den Heuvel, J.M. and van den Bergh, S.G. (1990). Continuous synthesis of glycogen by individual worm pairs of Schistosoma BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY: HELMINTHS
358 ENERGY METABOLISM IN HELMINTHS mansoni inside the veins of the final host. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 39, 195–202. Tielens, A.G.M., van den Heuvel, J.M., van Mazijk, H.J., Wilson, J.E. and Shoemaker, C.B. (1994). The 50-kDa, glucose-6-phosphate sensitive hexokinase of Schistosoma mansoni. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24736–24741. Tielens, A.G.M., van den Heuvel, J.M. and van den Bergh, S.G. (1984). The energy metabolism of Fasciola hepatica during its development in the final host. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 13, 301–307. von Brand, T. (1973). Biochemistry of Parasites, New York: Academic Press. BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY: HELMINTHS
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Molecular Medical Parasitology
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Molecular Medical Parasitology Edit
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Contents List of contributors Prefa
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List of contributors Mark Blaxter,
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Richard. J.
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Preface Parasitology was born as th
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S E C T I O N I MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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C H A P T E R 1 Parasite genomics M
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TABLE 1.1 Parasite genomes: genome
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 7 differen
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 9 TABLE 1.
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 11 called
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 13 200 000
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BIOINFORMATICS AND THE ANALYSIS OF
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THE POST-GENOMICS ERA, AND THE OTHE
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THE PARASITES AND THEIR GENOMES 19
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FURTHER READING 27 treated with a d
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C H A P T E R 2 RNA processing in p
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TRANS-SPLICING 31 cis trans Exon 1
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TRANS-SPLICING 33 snRNPs (small nuc
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TRANS-SPLICING 35 trans cis U2AF35
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RNA EDITING 37 P AAAA... AAAA... AA
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RNA EDITING 39 entire transcript re
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RNA EDITING 41 5 Editing block C Ed
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RNA EDITING 43 microscopy) approach
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FURTHER READING 45 Nilsen, T.W. (19
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C H A P T E R 3 Transcription Arthu
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UNUSUAL MODES OF TRANSCRIPTION IN T
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CLASS I TRANSCRIPTION IN TRYPANOSOM
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CLASS II TRANSCRIPTION OF PROTEIN C
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SL RNA AND U snRNA GENE TRANSCRIPTI
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FURTHER READING 65 and switching in
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C H A P T E R 4 Post-transcriptiona
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POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN
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FURTHER READING 87 inhibition, it m
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C H A P T E R 5 Antigenic variation
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION AT THE STRUCTUR
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION AT THE STRUCTUR
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VSG Signal sequence Amino-terminal
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GENETICS OF ANTIGENIC VARIATION 97
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IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TRYPANOSOME INF
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INNATE RESISTANCE, HUMAN SUSCEPTIBI
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN MALARIA 107
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FURTHER READING 109 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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C H A P T E R 6 Genetic and genomic
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‘FORWARD’ VS. ‘REVERSE’ GEN
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EXAMPLES OF ‘FORWARD’ GENETIC A
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EXAMPLES OF ‘FORWARD’ GENETIC A
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REVERSE GENETICS AND LEISHMANIA VIR
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VALIDATION OF CANDIDATE VIRULENCE G
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S E C T I O N II BIOCHEMISTRY AND C
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C H A P T E R 7 Energy metabolism P
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SUBCELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF AMITOCH
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CELL MEMBRANE Fructose [b] Glucose
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STEPS OF AMITOCHONDRIATE CORE METAB
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ENZYMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMITO
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ACTION OF NITROIMIDAZOLE DRUGS 135
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ENVOI 137 unambiguously reflect the
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FURTHER READING 139 Saavedra-Lira,
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THE EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS (EMP) PA
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WHY DO TRYPANOSOMATIDAE HAVE GLYCOS
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FURTHER READING 153 for use in agri
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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 155 as a hu
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158 ENERGY METABOLISM - APICOMPLEXA
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172 PROTEIN METABOLISM PROTEINS (1)
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174 PROTEIN METABOLISM the C-termin
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176 PROTEIN METABOLISM and also, to
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178 PROTEIN METABOLISM values rangi
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180 PROTEIN METABOLISM of the plasm
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182 PROTEIN METABOLISM in vivo, in
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184 PROTEIN METABOLISM PROLINE Poly
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186 PROTEIN METABOLISM CO 2 Dec-SAM
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188 PROTEIN METABOLISM a cMDH has b
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190 PROTEIN METABOLISM Urea ARGININ
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192 PROTEIN METABOLISM been describ
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194 PROTEIN METABOLISM absence of g
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198 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES enable
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200 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES provide
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202 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES activit
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204 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES physiol
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206 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES Amitoch
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208 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES their a
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210 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES FIGURE
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214 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES protein
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220 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES in Plas
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222 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES whereas
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226 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES AF
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228 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES In
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230 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES po
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232 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES LP
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234 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES re
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236 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES sc
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A. sAP COOH [T][T](S/T)(S/T)(S/T)SS
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240 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES Cr
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242 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING protein
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244 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FIGURE
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246 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING 212.5 2
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248 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING cycle.
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250 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING V-H -A
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252 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING domain)
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254 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING the kno
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256 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING from in
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258 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FIGURE
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260 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING ESAG4 (
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262 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING and ind
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264 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING ATPase
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266 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING G11XG
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268 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING a diffe
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270 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING rapid l
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272 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING cells w
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274 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PfPPJ i
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276 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING is cont
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278 PLASTIDS, MITOCHONDRIA, AND HYD
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298 HELMINTH SURFACES Important exc
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300 HELMINTH SURFACES protease inhi
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302 HELMINTH SURFACES volume, there
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304 HELMINTH SURFACES projecting si
Page 319 and 320: 306 HELMINTH SURFACES schistosome t
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Page 325 and 326: 312 HELMINTH SURFACES lungs. Larvae
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Page 329 and 330: 316 HELMINTH SURFACES cuticle in th
Page 331 and 332: 318 HELMINTH SURFACES mec-8 or sym-
Page 333 and 334: 320 HELMINTH SURFACES current, when
Page 335 and 336: 322 HELMINTH SURFACES The cuticle-h
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Page 339 and 340: 326 HELMINTH SURFACES or carrier pr
Page 341 and 342: 328 HELMINTH SURFACES of tyrosine-b
Page 343 and 344: 330 HELMINTH SURFACES blood. The ge
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Page 349 and 350: 336 HELMINTH SURFACES (including H-
Page 351 and 352: 338 HELMINTH SURFACES Blaxter, M.L.
Page 353 and 354: 340 ENERGY METABOLISM IN HELMINTHS
Page 369: 356 ENERGY METABOLISM IN HELMINTHS
Page 373 and 374: 360 NEUROTRANSMITTERS CO 2 H NH 2 G
Page 375 and 376: 362 NEUROTRANSMITTERS TABLE 15.1 An
Page 377 and 378: 364 NEUROTRANSMITTERS more arms tha
Page 379 and 380: 366 NEUROTRANSMITTERS the surroundi
Page 381 and 382: 368 NEUROTRANSMITTERS proteins requ
Page 383 and 384: 370 NEUROTRANSMITTERS FIGURE 15.11
Page 385 and 386: 372 NEUROTRANSMITTERS FIGURE 15.13
Page 387 and 388: 374 NEUROTRANSMITTERS sensitivity t
Page 389 and 390: 376 NEUROTRANSMITTERS TABLE 15.3 Cl
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Page 395 and 396: 382 NEUROTRANSMITTERS C-terminals a
Page 397 and 398: 384 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Davis and Str
Page 399 and 400: 386 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Cephalic gang
Page 401 and 402: 388 NEUROTRANSMITTERS myoexcitation
Page 403 and 404: 390 NEUROTRANSMITTERS is phosphoryl
Page 405 and 406: 392 NEUROTRANSMITTERS many other an
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Page 411 and 412: 398 DRUG RESISTANCE of some of the
Page 413 and 414: 400 DRUG RESISTANCE It is now estim
Page 415 and 416: 402 DRUG RESISTANCE is again assume
Page 417 and 418: 404 DRUG RESISTANCE An alternative
Page 419 and 420: 406 DRUG RESISTANCE clinical eviden
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408 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.4 Fol
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410 DRUG RESISTANCE Using similar s
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412 DRUG RESISTANCE whether these r
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414 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.5 Str
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416 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.6 Try
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418 DRUG RESISTANCE has permitted e
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420 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.7 Dru
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422 DRUG RESISTANCE near future. Th
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424 DRUG RESISTANCE million new inf
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426 DRUG RESISTANCE some 50 million
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428 DRUG RESISTANCE pharynx, the bo
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430 DRUG RESISTANCE efforts for glo
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432 DRUG RESISTANCE and resistance
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434 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS TABLE 17.1
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436 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS TABLE 17.1
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438 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS transmissi
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440 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS H 2 C H H
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442 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS parasites
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444 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS neuropsych
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446 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS of toxic f
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448 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Future con
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450 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Melarsopro
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452 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS prevention
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454 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS resulting
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456 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS for S. ste
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458 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS are though
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460 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS FIGURE 17.
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462 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Marr, J.J.
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464 INDEX Aldolase, 143 Plasmodium
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466 INDEX Ascofuranone, 143 ASCUT-1
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468 INDEX Cnidarians, RNA trans-spl
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470 INDEX Entamoeba, 125 Ca 2 metab
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472 INDEX Glucose-6-phosphate dehyd
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474 INDEX Ivermectin, 398, 427, 455
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476 INDEX Maduramicin, 412 Major va
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478 INDEX Nitric oxide: neurotransm
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480 INDEX calcium-binding proteins,
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482 INDEX Pyrimidine transport, 200
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484 INDEX Succinate:rhodoquinone ox
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486 INDEX genome, 21 survey sequenc
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488 INDEX U small nuclear RNA (snRN
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