trans

FURTHER READING 393
that is forced by the development of anthelmintic
resistance. It is remarkable that the
nematodes and platyhelminths seem at first
glance to be so simple, but greater complexity
is revealed as we study their neurotransmitters.
The study of the parasite neurotransmitters
and their receptor sites seems important for
the development of new drugs, but is an interesting
biological topic in it own right.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
RJM and APR are supported by NIH: R01
A147194-01A1.
FURTHER READING
Aceves, J., Erliji, D. and Martinez-Marnon, R.
(1970). The mechanism of the paralysing action
of tetramisole on Ascaris somatic muscle. Brit. J.
Pharmacol. 38, 602–607.
Arena, J.P. (1994). Expression of Caenorhabditis
elegans messenger-RNA in Xenopus oocytes:
a model system to study the mechanism of
action of avermectins. Parasitol. Today 10, 35–37.
Byerly, L. and Masuda, M.O. (1979). Voltage-clamp
analysis of the potassium current that produces
a negative-going action potential in Ascaris
muscle. J. Physiol. 288, 263–284.
Day, T.A. and Maule, A.G. (1999). Parasitic peptides!
The structure and function of neuropeptides in
parasitic worms. Peptides 20, 999–1019.
Dent, J.A., Davis, M.W. and Avery, L. (1997). Avr-15
encodes a chloride channel subunit that mediates
inhibitory glutamatergic neurotransmission
and ivermectin sensitivity in Caenorhabditis
elegans. EMBO J. 16, 5867–5879.
Dent, J.A., Smith, M.M., Vassilatis, D.K. and Avery, L.
(2000). The genetics of ivermectin resistance
in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 97, 2674–2679.
Geary, T.G., Marks, N.J., Maule, A.G. et al. (1999).
Pharmacology of FMRFamide-related peptides
in helminths. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 897, 212–227.
Jarman, M. (1959). Electrical activity in the muscle
cells of Ascaris lumbricoides. Nature 184, 1244.
Mansour, T.E. (1979). Chemotherapy of parasitic
worms: new biochemical strategies. Science 205,
462–469.
Martin, R.J. (1985). Gamma-aminobutyric acidactivated
and piperazine-activated singlechannel
currents from Ascaris suum body
muscle. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 84, 445–461.
Martin, R.J. (1995). An electrophysiological preparation
of Ascaris suum pharyngeal muscle
reveals a glutamate-gated chloride channel sensitive
to the avermectin analogue milbemycin D.
Parasitology 112, 252.
Martin, R.J., Robertson, A.P., Bjorn, H. and
Sangster, N.C. (1997). Heterogeneous levamisole
receptors: a single-channels study of nictotinic
acetylcholine receptors from Oesophagostomum
dentatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 322, 249–257.
Maule, A.G., Halton, D.W., Shaw, C. and Johnston,
C.F. (1993). The cholinergic, serotoninergic and
peptidergic components of the nervous system
of Moniezia expansa (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea).
Parasitology 106, 429–440.
Richmond, J.E. and Jorgensen, E. (1999). One GABA
and two acetylcholine receptor function at
the C. elegans neuromuscular junction. Nature
Neurosci. 19, 196–199.
Robertson, A.P., Bjorn, H. and Martin, R.J. (1999).
Levamisole resistance resolved at the singlechannel
level. FASEB J. 13, 749–760.
Rosoff, M.L., Burglin, T.R. and Li, C. (1992).
Alternatively spliced transcripts of the flp-1 gene
encode distinct FMRFamide-like peptides in
Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Neuroscience 12,
2356–2361.
Sangster, N.C. (1994). P-glycoproteins in nematodes.
Parasitol. Today 10, 319–322.
Stretton, A.O.W., Fishpool, R.M., Southgate, E. et al.
(1978). Structure and physiological activity of
the motoneurons of the nematode Ascaris. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3493–3497.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY: HELMINTHS