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INDEX 477 Mosquito vectors, 26 MSPL, 79 Mucins: RNA post-transcriptional regulation, 79 see also Surface mucins Multidrug-resistance (MDR), 402 see also P-glycoprotein Muscle cells, Ascaris, 362–4 arm, 363–4 membrane potential, 365–6 muscle bag, 363 spindle, 362–3 Na -dependent glucose transporter (SGLT), 300 Na /K -ATPase: cestodes, 301 nematodes, 332 trematodes, 306 NAD-specific aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase, 130 NADH:rhodoquinone oxidoreductase, 347 NADH dehydrogenase, 161, 163 Nanophyetus salmincola, 458 Napthalophos, 367 Necator americanus, 455 genome, 23 Nematodes, 311–37, 438 alimentary tract, 311, 328–9 defecation, 334–5 digestive processes, 329–30 drug targeting, 335 intestinal protein vaccine targets, 335–6 amino acid catabolism, 183 anhydrobiotic survival, 321 trehalose metabolism, 323 aqueporins, 322, 326 bombesin-like neuropeptides, 320–1 chemotherapy: filarial disease, 457–8 intestinal worms, 455–7 cuticle, 297, 311, 312–28 biochemistry/molecular biology, 314–16 developmental biology, 316 epicuticle, 312–13, 314 functions, 317–28 hypodermis, 314, 315 structure, 312–14 drug metabolism: absorption, 326–7 P-glycoproteins, 333–4 energy metabolism, 324 environmental challenges, 311, 312 excretion, 323–6, 333 H , 324–5 organic acids, 324, 325, 327, 333 expressed sequence tag (EST) datasets, 9 filarial reference strains, 13 genomics, 4, 5, 20, 22–5 karyotyping, 7 mitochondrial, 25 hydrostatic skeleton, 317, 321 immune evasion, 327–8 inorganic ion transport, 318–21, 332–3 internal surfaces, 328–36 anatomy, 328–9 biochemistry/molecular biology, 329 functions, 329–36 movement, 317, 321 neurotransmitters, 366–84 nutrient absorption, 318, 330 osmoregulation, 321–3, 330–2, 336–7 proteinase inhibitors, 179 proteolytic enzymes, 178–9 pseudocoelom internal pressure, 317, 318, 321 purine/pyrimidine metabolism, 206–7, 222 RNA trans-splicing, 30, 31, 33 biological function, 37 sex chromosomes, 24–5 somatic chromosome diminution, 23 species/stage-dependent adaptations, 311–12 transcription, 47, 48 polycistronic, 49 protein coding genes, 49, 59 spliced leader (SL) RNA genes, 59 tubular system, 311, 328, 336–7 NEO, 418 Neurotransmitters, 359–93 nematodes, 366–84 platyhelminths, 384–92 New permeation pathway, 157, 160, 201 nhr-23, 316 Nifurtimox, 414, 422, 432, 446, 447 resistance, 423 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: amino acid catabolism, 183 digestive processes, 329 energy metabolism, 352, 353 excretion, 326 pyrimidine metabolism, 222
478 INDEX Nitric oxide: neurotransmission: cestodes/trematodes, 391 nematodes, 360, 384 synthesis, 191 Nitric oxide synthase, 191 Nitroimidazoles: amitochondriate energy metabolism, 135–6, 284 resistance, 135 Noradrenaline neurotransmission, 390–1 Nucleoside hydrolase (NH), 214, 215 Nucleoside phosphotransferase (NPT), 208, 212, 213 Nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase), 211 Nucleoside triphosphates, 197 Nutrient absorption: cestodes, 300–1 nematodes, 318, 330 parasitophorous vacuole, 157 trematodes, 306–7, 310 Oesophagostomum dentatum, 371 OMP decarboxylase, 218, 220, 221 Onchocerca volvulus: amino acid catabolism, 183 aqueporins, 322 chemotherapy, 427, 428, 457, 458 clinical aspects, 457 genome, 23 host interactions, 312 hypodermis functions, 329, 334 mitochondrial genomics, 25 nutrient absorption, 318 tubular system, 337 Opisthorchis viverinni, 458 ORFeome analysis, 17, 18 Ornidazole, 453 Ornithine aminotransferase, 183 Ornithine decarboxylase, 189–90, 415, 416, 420, 421, 448 Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT), 218, 220, 221 Orthophosphate dikinase, 130, 133 Osmoregulation: cestodes, 301–2 nematodes, 321–3, 330–2, 336–7 trematodes, 303, 307–8 Osmoregulatory ducts, 302 Osmotic stress, amino acid metabolism, 193–4 Ostertagia ostertagia, 335 Oxamniquine, 427 mode of action, 306 resistance, 427 Oxantel, 368 P1 nucleoside transporter, 419 P2 nucleoside transporter, 419, 420, 421 P-glycoprotein, 402, 412, 428 chloroquine resistance, 402 nematode drug elimination, 333–4 PAG, 85 Palatinase, 330 Pamaquine, 439 Panagrellus redivivus: amino acid catabolism, 183 bombesin-like neuropeptides, 321 FaRPs, 380 Panagrellus silusae, 321 Parabasalids: amitochondriate state, 125, 283, 284 hydrogenosomes, 284–5, 286 Paragonimus ohirai, 222 Paragonimus westermani: chemotherapy, 458 proteolytic enzymes, 178 Paraherquamide, 368 Parascaris univalens,23 Parasitophorous vacuole, 176, 202, 211 calcium signaling processes, 255, 256 membrane nutrient uptake, 157 purine transport, 201, 202 Paromomycin (aminosidine), 412, 454 resistance, 418 PARP proteins, see Procyclins Pentamidine, 413, 414, 419, 448, 449, 450 mode of action, 173, 449 resistance, 415–17 African trypanosomes, 421 Pentavalent antimonials, 413, 450, 451 resistance, 413, 415 trypanothione, 415, 416 Pentose-phosphate shunt, see Hexose-monophosphate pathway Peptidases, 173 Perkinsus, 155 PF1, 381, 382 PF2, 381, 382 PF3, 380, 381 PF4, 381, 382 single-channel current activation, 383 PfATP 4, 246, 247
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Molecular Medical Parasitology
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Molecular Medical Parasitology Edit
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Contents List of contributors Prefa
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List of contributors Mark Blaxter,
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Richard. J.
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Preface Parasitology was born as th
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S E C T I O N I MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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C H A P T E R 1 Parasite genomics M
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TABLE 1.1 Parasite genomes: genome
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 7 differen
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 9 TABLE 1.
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 11 called
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 13 200 000
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BIOINFORMATICS AND THE ANALYSIS OF
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THE POST-GENOMICS ERA, AND THE OTHE
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THE PARASITES AND THEIR GENOMES 19
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FURTHER READING 27 treated with a d
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C H A P T E R 2 RNA processing in p
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TRANS-SPLICING 31 cis trans Exon 1
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TRANS-SPLICING 33 snRNPs (small nuc
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TRANS-SPLICING 35 trans cis U2AF35
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RNA EDITING 37 P AAAA... AAAA... AA
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RNA EDITING 39 entire transcript re
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RNA EDITING 41 5 Editing block C Ed
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RNA EDITING 43 microscopy) approach
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FURTHER READING 45 Nilsen, T.W. (19
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C H A P T E R 3 Transcription Arthu
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UNUSUAL MODES OF TRANSCRIPTION IN T
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CLASS I TRANSCRIPTION IN TRYPANOSOM
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CLASS II TRANSCRIPTION OF PROTEIN C
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SL RNA AND U snRNA GENE TRANSCRIPTI
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FURTHER READING 65 and switching in
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C H A P T E R 4 Post-transcriptiona
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POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN
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FURTHER READING 87 inhibition, it m
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C H A P T E R 5 Antigenic variation
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION AT THE STRUCTUR
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION AT THE STRUCTUR
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VSG Signal sequence Amino-terminal
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GENETICS OF ANTIGENIC VARIATION 97
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IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TRYPANOSOME INF
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INNATE RESISTANCE, HUMAN SUSCEPTIBI
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN MALARIA 107
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FURTHER READING 109 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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C H A P T E R 6 Genetic and genomic
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‘FORWARD’ VS. ‘REVERSE’ GEN
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EXAMPLES OF ‘FORWARD’ GENETIC A
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EXAMPLES OF ‘FORWARD’ GENETIC A
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REVERSE GENETICS AND LEISHMANIA VIR
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VALIDATION OF CANDIDATE VIRULENCE G
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S E C T I O N II BIOCHEMISTRY AND C
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C H A P T E R 7 Energy metabolism P
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SUBCELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF AMITOCH
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CELL MEMBRANE Fructose [b] Glucose
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STEPS OF AMITOCHONDRIATE CORE METAB
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ENZYMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMITO
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ACTION OF NITROIMIDAZOLE DRUGS 135
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ENVOI 137 unambiguously reflect the
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FURTHER READING 139 Saavedra-Lira,
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THE EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS (EMP) PA
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WHY DO TRYPANOSOMATIDAE HAVE GLYCOS
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FURTHER READING 153 for use in agri
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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 155 as a hu
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158 ENERGY METABOLISM - APICOMPLEXA
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172 PROTEIN METABOLISM PROTEINS (1)
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174 PROTEIN METABOLISM the C-termin
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176 PROTEIN METABOLISM and also, to
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178 PROTEIN METABOLISM values rangi
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180 PROTEIN METABOLISM of the plasm
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182 PROTEIN METABOLISM in vivo, in
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184 PROTEIN METABOLISM PROLINE Poly
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186 PROTEIN METABOLISM CO 2 Dec-SAM
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188 PROTEIN METABOLISM a cMDH has b
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190 PROTEIN METABOLISM Urea ARGININ
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192 PROTEIN METABOLISM been describ
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194 PROTEIN METABOLISM absence of g
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198 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES enable
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200 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES provide
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202 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES activit
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204 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES physiol
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206 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES Amitoch
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208 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES their a
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210 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES FIGURE
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214 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES protein
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220 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES in Plas
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222 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES whereas
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226 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES AF
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228 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES In
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230 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES po
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232 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES LP
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234 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES re
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236 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES sc
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A. sAP COOH [T][T](S/T)(S/T)(S/T)SS
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240 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES Cr
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242 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING protein
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244 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FIGURE
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246 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING 212.5 2
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248 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING cycle.
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250 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING V-H -A
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252 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING domain)
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254 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING the kno
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256 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING from in
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258 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FIGURE
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260 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING ESAG4 (
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262 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING and ind
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264 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING ATPase
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266 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING G11XG
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268 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING a diffe
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270 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING rapid l
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272 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING cells w
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274 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PfPPJ i
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276 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING is cont
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278 PLASTIDS, MITOCHONDRIA, AND HYD
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298 HELMINTH SURFACES Important exc
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300 HELMINTH SURFACES protease inhi
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302 HELMINTH SURFACES volume, there
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304 HELMINTH SURFACES projecting si
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306 HELMINTH SURFACES schistosome t
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308 HELMINTH SURFACES re-establish
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310 HELMINTH SURFACES hepatic cells
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312 HELMINTH SURFACES lungs. Larvae
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314 HELMINTH SURFACES cuticle, whic
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316 HELMINTH SURFACES cuticle in th
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318 HELMINTH SURFACES mec-8 or sym-
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320 HELMINTH SURFACES current, when
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322 HELMINTH SURFACES The cuticle-h
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324 HELMINTH SURFACES are typically
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326 HELMINTH SURFACES or carrier pr
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328 HELMINTH SURFACES of tyrosine-b
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330 HELMINTH SURFACES blood. The ge
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332 HELMINTH SURFACES Mutations in
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334 HELMINTH SURFACES in the hypode
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336 HELMINTH SURFACES (including H-
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338 HELMINTH SURFACES Blaxter, M.L.
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340 ENERGY METABOLISM IN HELMINTHS
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360 NEUROTRANSMITTERS CO 2 H NH 2 G
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362 NEUROTRANSMITTERS TABLE 15.1 An
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364 NEUROTRANSMITTERS more arms tha
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366 NEUROTRANSMITTERS the surroundi
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368 NEUROTRANSMITTERS proteins requ
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370 NEUROTRANSMITTERS FIGURE 15.11
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372 NEUROTRANSMITTERS FIGURE 15.13
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374 NEUROTRANSMITTERS sensitivity t
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376 NEUROTRANSMITTERS TABLE 15.3 Cl
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378 NEUROTRANSMITTERS crossed the c
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380 NEUROTRANSMITTERS have been tes
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382 NEUROTRANSMITTERS C-terminals a
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384 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Davis and Str
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386 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Cephalic gang
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388 NEUROTRANSMITTERS myoexcitation
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390 NEUROTRANSMITTERS is phosphoryl
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392 NEUROTRANSMITTERS many other an
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398 DRUG RESISTANCE of some of the
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400 DRUG RESISTANCE It is now estim
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402 DRUG RESISTANCE is again assume
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404 DRUG RESISTANCE An alternative
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406 DRUG RESISTANCE clinical eviden
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408 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.4 Fol
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410 DRUG RESISTANCE Using similar s
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412 DRUG RESISTANCE whether these r
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414 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.5 Str
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416 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.6 Try
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418 DRUG RESISTANCE has permitted e
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420 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.7 Dru
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422 DRUG RESISTANCE near future. Th
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424 DRUG RESISTANCE million new inf
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Page 441 and 442: 428 DRUG RESISTANCE pharynx, the bo
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Page 447 and 448: 434 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS TABLE 17.1
Page 449 and 450: 436 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS TABLE 17.1
Page 451 and 452: 438 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS transmissi
Page 453 and 454: 440 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS H 2 C H H
Page 455 and 456: 442 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS parasites
Page 457 and 458: 444 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS neuropsych
Page 459 and 460: 446 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS of toxic f
Page 461 and 462: 448 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Future con
Page 463 and 464: 450 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Melarsopro
Page 465 and 466: 452 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS prevention
Page 467 and 468: 454 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS resulting
Page 469 and 470: 456 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS for S. ste
Page 471 and 472: 458 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS are though
Page 473 and 474: 460 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS FIGURE 17.
Page 475 and 476: 462 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Marr, J.J.
Page 477 and 478: 464 INDEX Aldolase, 143 Plasmodium
Page 479 and 480: 466 INDEX Ascofuranone, 143 ASCUT-1
Page 481 and 482: 468 INDEX Cnidarians, RNA trans-spl
Page 483 and 484: 470 INDEX Entamoeba, 125 Ca 2 metab
Page 485 and 486: 472 INDEX Glucose-6-phosphate dehyd
Page 487 and 488: 474 INDEX Ivermectin, 398, 427, 455
Page 489: 476 INDEX Maduramicin, 412 Major va
Page 493 and 494: 480 INDEX calcium-binding proteins,
Page 495 and 496: 482 INDEX Pyrimidine transport, 200
Page 497 and 498: 484 INDEX Succinate:rhodoquinone ox
Page 499 and 500: 486 INDEX genome, 21 survey sequenc
Page 501: 488 INDEX U small nuclear RNA (snRN
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