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INDEX 471 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, 7 FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), 360, 378–84 alternative splicing, 382 cestodes/trematodes, 391–2 nematodes: genes, 383 muscle cell actions, 382 nomenclature, 380 receptor diversity, 383–4 sodium-channel gating, 383 structure, 381–2 Folate metabolism, 192, 193, 408 antagonists, 407 resistance, 407–10 Fructokinase, 128 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, 128 Furazolidine, 425, 453, 454–5 G-protein-coupled receptors, 257 GABA, 359, 360, 372 Ascaris muscle response, 372 cestode/trematode neurotransmission, 389 single-channel current activation, 372, 373 GABA receptors, 372 -cystathionase, 186 -glutamyl-cysteine synthase, 192, 415 Gastrodermis (gastrovascular cavity), 302–3, 309–11 GEET genes, 83 transcription regulation, 73 Gene conversion, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) switching, 99, 101 Gene expression regulation, 67, 68 Genetic maps, 6 physical, 7–8 Genome, 20 organization, 18 size, 4, 5, 18 Genome sequencing, 4, 8–14 data analysis, 16 expressed sequence tags (EST), 8–10 genome survey sequences (GSS), 10, 11 map-based, 10–11 reference strains, 13–14 shotgun sequencing, 11 error rate, 13 preliminary data releases, 13 whole chromosomes/whole genomes, 11–13 Genome survey sequences (GSS), 10, 11 Genomics, 3–27 dataset bioinformatics, 14–17 parasitic groups, 4–6, 18–26 information sources, 18, 19–20 research aims, 3–4 study methods, 6–14 whole genome assays, 17–18 Giardia, 125 calcium-binding proteins, 251, 252 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, 268, 270 Giardia duodenalis, see Giardia intestinalis Giardia intestinalis, 125, 397, 436, 437 amino acid metabolism, 183, 185, 187, 188 glutamate dehydrogenases, 182 amitochondriate state, 282, 283 chemotherapy, 425, 453–4 drug resistance, 135, 425 class II transcription of protein coding genes, 56–7 cysteine uptake, 173 energy metabolism, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136 subcellular organization, 127 genome, 22 proteolytic enzymes, 176, 181 purine metabolism, 198, 208, 216–17 pyrimidine metabolism, 198, 206, 222 20S proteasome, 177 Giardia lamblia, see Giardia intestinalis Girardia tigrina, 392 glc-1, 374, 376 glc-2, 375 glc-3, 374 Globodera pallida,25 Glossina,90 glr-1, 373 Glucokinase, 128, 136 Gluconeogenesis, 340 Glucose phosphate isomerase, 158 Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), 157, 307 Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), 158 Glucose transporters: Plasmodium falciparum, 156, 157–8 Schistosoma, 307 trypanosomes, 144 Glucose uptake: cestodes, 300 nematodes, 318, 330 Plasmodium falciparum, 155, 156, 157–8 trematodes, 306–7 Glucose-6-phosphatase, 341
472 INDEX Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 150, 151 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 445, 446, 454 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase- 6-phosphogluconolactonase, 160 Glucosephosphate isomerase, 128, 145 Glutamate, 360, 373–8 cestode/trematode neurotransmission, 389 electrophysiology, 375 excitatory effects, 373 structure, 361 Glutamate dehydrogenase, 171, 182–3 Glutamate receptors, 373 Glutamate-gated chloride channel subunits, 373–5 cloning, 375–6 Glutamine: catabolism, 185 uptake, 173 Glutathione peroxidase, 327 Glutathione synthesis, 192–3 Glutathione synthetase, 192 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 130, 136, 143, 146, 159 inhibitors, 146–7 Glycerol carriers, 144, 300 Glycerol kinase, 147 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 130, 141, 143, 147, 162, 449 inhibitors, 147 Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, 449 Glycerolphosphate phosphatase, 130 Glycocalyx: cestode tegument, 298, 299 immune evasion, 302 trematodes, 304–5 Glycogen metabolism, 340–1 Glycogen phosphorylase, 128, 340 Glycogen synthase, 340 GSII, 340 Glycolipids, nematode immune evasion, 327 Glycolysis: amitochondriate organisms, 126, 127 helminths, 341–4 drug targets, 343 Plasmodium falciparum, 155, 156, 158–60 Trypanosomatidae, 140–9 Glycoproteins, nematode immune evasion, 327, 328 Glycosome, 74, 75, 140, 141, 151–2 energy metabolism, 141, 142 enzymes, 145, 146, 147, 148 evolutionary aspects, 152 hexose-monophosphate pathway, 150 metabolite transporters, 144 Glycosylation, 73 Glycosylinositolphospholipids, 235–6 structure, 232, 235 type I/type II, 235 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, 225 GP63, 236 Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG), 115 lipopeptidophosphoglycan, 230–1 procyclins (PARP proteins), 93, 227, 228 trematode glycocalyx, 305 Trypanosoma cruzi surface mucins, 230 variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs), 92–3, 96, 226 GMP reductase, 208, 215 GMP synthetase, 208 GP63, 177, 236 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, 236 structure, 232, 236 GPEET, transcription regulation, 78, 79 GPEET protein, 78 GPEET-2, 228 GPEET-procyclins, 227, 228 Granins, 255 GRESAG4, 260 Guanine deaminase (GD), 208, 211, 214 Guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (GPRT), 208, 216 Guanylyl cyclases, 257, 258, 259 Plasmodium, 262–4 Guide RNA (gRNA)-directed editing, 39, 41–2 Gyrocotyle fimbriata, 389 H excretion, nematodes, 324–5 Haemonchus contortus: alimentary tract, 329, 335 digestive processes, 329 excretion, 333 cuticle, 315 drug absorption, 326, 327 drug resistance, 428 energy metabolism, 339, 347, 353 GABA receptors, 372 glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) subunits, 375, 376 nutrient absorption, 318 P-glycoproteins (pgps), 334 proteolytic enzymes, 178 tubular system, 337
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Molecular Medical Parasitology
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Molecular Medical Parasitology Edit
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Contents List of contributors Prefa
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List of contributors Mark Blaxter,
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Richard. J.
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Preface Parasitology was born as th
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S E C T I O N I MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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C H A P T E R 1 Parasite genomics M
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TABLE 1.1 Parasite genomes: genome
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 7 differen
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 9 TABLE 1.
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 11 called
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GENERATING GENOMICS DATA 13 200 000
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BIOINFORMATICS AND THE ANALYSIS OF
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THE POST-GENOMICS ERA, AND THE OTHE
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THE PARASITES AND THEIR GENOMES 19
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FURTHER READING 27 treated with a d
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C H A P T E R 2 RNA processing in p
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TRANS-SPLICING 31 cis trans Exon 1
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TRANS-SPLICING 33 snRNPs (small nuc
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TRANS-SPLICING 35 trans cis U2AF35
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RNA EDITING 37 P AAAA... AAAA... AA
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RNA EDITING 39 entire transcript re
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RNA EDITING 41 5 Editing block C Ed
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RNA EDITING 43 microscopy) approach
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FURTHER READING 45 Nilsen, T.W. (19
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C H A P T E R 3 Transcription Arthu
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UNUSUAL MODES OF TRANSCRIPTION IN T
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CLASS I TRANSCRIPTION IN TRYPANOSOM
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CLASS II TRANSCRIPTION OF PROTEIN C
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SL RNA AND U snRNA GENE TRANSCRIPTI
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FURTHER READING 65 and switching in
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C H A P T E R 4 Post-transcriptiona
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POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN
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FURTHER READING 87 inhibition, it m
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C H A P T E R 5 Antigenic variation
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION AT THE STRUCTUR
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION AT THE STRUCTUR
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VSG Signal sequence Amino-terminal
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GENETICS OF ANTIGENIC VARIATION 97
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IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TRYPANOSOME INF
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INNATE RESISTANCE, HUMAN SUSCEPTIBI
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ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN MALARIA 107
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FURTHER READING 109 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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C H A P T E R 6 Genetic and genomic
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‘FORWARD’ VS. ‘REVERSE’ GEN
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EXAMPLES OF ‘FORWARD’ GENETIC A
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EXAMPLES OF ‘FORWARD’ GENETIC A
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REVERSE GENETICS AND LEISHMANIA VIR
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VALIDATION OF CANDIDATE VIRULENCE G
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S E C T I O N II BIOCHEMISTRY AND C
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C H A P T E R 7 Energy metabolism P
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SUBCELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF AMITOCH
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CELL MEMBRANE Fructose [b] Glucose
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STEPS OF AMITOCHONDRIATE CORE METAB
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ENZYMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMITO
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ACTION OF NITROIMIDAZOLE DRUGS 135
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ENVOI 137 unambiguously reflect the
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FURTHER READING 139 Saavedra-Lira,
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THE EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS (EMP) PA
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WHY DO TRYPANOSOMATIDAE HAVE GLYCOS
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FURTHER READING 153 for use in agri
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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 155 as a hu
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158 ENERGY METABOLISM - APICOMPLEXA
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172 PROTEIN METABOLISM PROTEINS (1)
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174 PROTEIN METABOLISM the C-termin
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176 PROTEIN METABOLISM and also, to
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178 PROTEIN METABOLISM values rangi
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180 PROTEIN METABOLISM of the plasm
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182 PROTEIN METABOLISM in vivo, in
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184 PROTEIN METABOLISM PROLINE Poly
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186 PROTEIN METABOLISM CO 2 Dec-SAM
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188 PROTEIN METABOLISM a cMDH has b
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190 PROTEIN METABOLISM Urea ARGININ
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192 PROTEIN METABOLISM been describ
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194 PROTEIN METABOLISM absence of g
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198 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES enable
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200 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES provide
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202 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES activit
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204 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES physiol
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206 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES Amitoch
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208 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES their a
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210 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES FIGURE
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214 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES protein
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220 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES in Plas
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222 PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES whereas
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226 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES AF
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228 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES In
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230 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES po
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232 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES LP
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234 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES re
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236 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES sc
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A. sAP COOH [T][T](S/T)(S/T)(S/T)SS
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240 TRYPANOSOMATID CARBOHYDRATES Cr
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242 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING protein
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244 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FIGURE
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246 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING 212.5 2
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248 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING cycle.
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250 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING V-H -A
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252 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING domain)
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254 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING the kno
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256 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING from in
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258 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FIGURE
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260 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING ESAG4 (
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262 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING and ind
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264 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING ATPase
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266 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING G11XG
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268 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING a diffe
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270 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING rapid l
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272 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING cells w
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274 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PfPPJ i
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276 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING is cont
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278 PLASTIDS, MITOCHONDRIA, AND HYD
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298 HELMINTH SURFACES Important exc
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300 HELMINTH SURFACES protease inhi
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302 HELMINTH SURFACES volume, there
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304 HELMINTH SURFACES projecting si
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306 HELMINTH SURFACES schistosome t
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308 HELMINTH SURFACES re-establish
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310 HELMINTH SURFACES hepatic cells
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312 HELMINTH SURFACES lungs. Larvae
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314 HELMINTH SURFACES cuticle, whic
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316 HELMINTH SURFACES cuticle in th
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318 HELMINTH SURFACES mec-8 or sym-
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320 HELMINTH SURFACES current, when
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322 HELMINTH SURFACES The cuticle-h
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324 HELMINTH SURFACES are typically
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326 HELMINTH SURFACES or carrier pr
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328 HELMINTH SURFACES of tyrosine-b
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330 HELMINTH SURFACES blood. The ge
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332 HELMINTH SURFACES Mutations in
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334 HELMINTH SURFACES in the hypode
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336 HELMINTH SURFACES (including H-
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338 HELMINTH SURFACES Blaxter, M.L.
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340 ENERGY METABOLISM IN HELMINTHS
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360 NEUROTRANSMITTERS CO 2 H NH 2 G
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362 NEUROTRANSMITTERS TABLE 15.1 An
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364 NEUROTRANSMITTERS more arms tha
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366 NEUROTRANSMITTERS the surroundi
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368 NEUROTRANSMITTERS proteins requ
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370 NEUROTRANSMITTERS FIGURE 15.11
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372 NEUROTRANSMITTERS FIGURE 15.13
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374 NEUROTRANSMITTERS sensitivity t
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376 NEUROTRANSMITTERS TABLE 15.3 Cl
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378 NEUROTRANSMITTERS crossed the c
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380 NEUROTRANSMITTERS have been tes
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382 NEUROTRANSMITTERS C-terminals a
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384 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Davis and Str
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386 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Cephalic gang
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388 NEUROTRANSMITTERS myoexcitation
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390 NEUROTRANSMITTERS is phosphoryl
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392 NEUROTRANSMITTERS many other an
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398 DRUG RESISTANCE of some of the
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400 DRUG RESISTANCE It is now estim
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402 DRUG RESISTANCE is again assume
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404 DRUG RESISTANCE An alternative
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406 DRUG RESISTANCE clinical eviden
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408 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.4 Fol
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410 DRUG RESISTANCE Using similar s
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412 DRUG RESISTANCE whether these r
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414 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.5 Str
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416 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.6 Try
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418 DRUG RESISTANCE has permitted e
Page 433 and 434: 420 DRUG RESISTANCE FIGURE 16.7 Dru
Page 435 and 436: 422 DRUG RESISTANCE near future. Th
Page 437 and 438: 424 DRUG RESISTANCE million new inf
Page 439 and 440: 426 DRUG RESISTANCE some 50 million
Page 441 and 442: 428 DRUG RESISTANCE pharynx, the bo
Page 443 and 444: 430 DRUG RESISTANCE efforts for glo
Page 445 and 446: 432 DRUG RESISTANCE and resistance
Page 447 and 448: 434 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS TABLE 17.1
Page 449 and 450: 436 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS TABLE 17.1
Page 451 and 452: 438 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS transmissi
Page 453 and 454: 440 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS H 2 C H H
Page 455 and 456: 442 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS parasites
Page 457 and 458: 444 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS neuropsych
Page 459 and 460: 446 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS of toxic f
Page 461 and 462: 448 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Future con
Page 463 and 464: 450 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Melarsopro
Page 465 and 466: 452 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS prevention
Page 467 and 468: 454 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS resulting
Page 469 and 470: 456 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS for S. ste
Page 471 and 472: 458 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS are though
Page 473 and 474: 460 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS FIGURE 17.
Page 475 and 476: 462 MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS Marr, J.J.
Page 477 and 478: 464 INDEX Aldolase, 143 Plasmodium
Page 479 and 480: 466 INDEX Ascofuranone, 143 ASCUT-1
Page 481 and 482: 468 INDEX Cnidarians, RNA trans-spl
Page 483: 470 INDEX Entamoeba, 125 Ca 2 metab
Page 487 and 488: 474 INDEX Ivermectin, 398, 427, 455
Page 489 and 490: 476 INDEX Maduramicin, 412 Major va
Page 491 and 492: 478 INDEX Nitric oxide: neurotransm
Page 493 and 494: 480 INDEX calcium-binding proteins,
Page 495 and 496: 482 INDEX Pyrimidine transport, 200
Page 497 and 498: 484 INDEX Succinate:rhodoquinone ox
Page 499 and 500: 486 INDEX genome, 21 survey sequenc
Page 501: 488 INDEX U small nuclear RNA (snRN
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