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Table of Contents Acronyms .....................................................................................................................................................................iv Preface...........................................................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................................vi Part I. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Definition and Importance of Social Accountability ...........................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose of the Study............................................................................................................................................2 1.3 Conceptual Framework: Enabling Environment for Civil Society’s Participation in Social Accountability ......2 1.4 Description of Methodology................................................................................................................................4 PART II. Key Aspects of the Mongolian Country Context...........................................................................................6 2.1 Overview of Mongolia’s Political, Economic, Legal, and Sociocultural Context ..............................................6 2.2 Overview of Civil Society in Mongolia.............................................................................................................12 2.3 Findings and Recommendations........................................................................................................................16 PART III – Assessment of the Enabling Environment for Social Accountability......................................................19 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................19 3.2 The Role of Voice in Social Accountability ......................................................................................................19 3.3 Promoting Social Accountability through Informed Opinions and Decisions..................................................30 3.4 Social Accountability through Negotiation .......................................................................................................38 Part IV—Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................47 4.2. Summary of Findings and Recommendations ..................................................................................................48 Annex 1. Social Accountability and Legal Advocacy: The National Center Against Violence..................................60 Bringing a Social Problem out of the Shadows .......................................................................................................60 Legal Advocacy for Domestic Violence Legislation...............................................................................................62 Advocacy for the Implementation of the DV Law ..................................................................................................64 Advocacy for the Provision of a Public Service ......................................................................................................65 Continuing Efforts at Raising Awareness about DV and Legal Advocacy in Related Areas.................................66 Findings and Recommendations: National Center Against Violence......................................................................67 Annex 2. Social Accountability and Local Governance: Women for Social Progress-Uvorkhangai ..........................68 The Uvorkhangai “Franchise” of Women for Social Progress ................................................................................68 Providing Information that Promotes Social Accountability: Triangle News ........................................................69 Promoting A Forum for Negotiation: Business Development Consultations .........................................................70 Giving Citizens Voice in Local Government: Struggle Against Market Relocation..............................................71 WSP-UV as a Model for Social Accountability: Turning an NGI into an NGO ....................................................73 Findings and Recommendations: WSP-UV.............................................................................................................73 i
Annex 3: Social Accountability and Environmental Protection: The Ongi River Movement.....................................75 The Birth, Growth, and Mission of a Community-Based Organization ..................................................................75 Governance Challenges: Financial and Political Autonomy ...................................................................................76 The Importance of CSO Access to and Provision of Information ...........................................................................77 Voicing their Concerns: A Multifaceted Strategy in Pursuit of Social Accountability ..........................................79 Environmental Monitoring: Challenges for Local Government and Civic Engagement........................................80 Replicability ............................................................................................................................................................81 Findings and Recommendations: The Ongi River Movement.................................................................................81 Annex 4. Social Accountability and Service Delivery: Community Involvement in Mongolian Schools ..................84 Local Participation in Public Service Delivery: From School Boards to School Councils.....................................84 The Reduced but Continuing Roles of School Councils in Social Accountability.................................................85 Need to Change Popular Perceptions of Community Involvement in Mongolian Schools ....................................86 Enhancing the Profile and Significance of School Council Elections .....................................................................87 The Importance of Access to Information for Community Involvement in the Education Sector .........................87 The Local Initiative Fund: A Community Initiative? ..............................................................................................88 Findings and Recommendations: School Councils (EDU)......................................................................................89 Annex 5. Mongolian Media: Overview of Constraints and Opportunities for Social Accountability .........................91 Media Overview ......................................................................................................................................................91 The Legal Framework .............................................................................................................................................92 Broadcast Regulation...............................................................................................................................................92 Governance and Financing of New Public Broadcasting ........................................................................................93 Registration of Newspapers.....................................................................................................................................94 Access to Information and the Legal Regime of Secrecy........................................................................................95 Defamation ..............................................................................................................................................................96 Internal Challenges..................................................................................................................................................96 Annex 6. Survey of Civil Society Organizations on the Enabling Environment for Social Accountability in Mongolia ...........................................................................101 I. Organizational Information ................................................................................................................................101 II. Involvement in Social Accountability...............................................................................................................102 III. Organizational Resources ................................................................................................................................104 IV. Information......................................................................................................................................................106 V. Voice and Media...............................................................................................................................................107 VI. Negotiation ......................................................................................................................................................108 VI. Information about the Respondent ..................................................................................................................109 Annex 7. Opinion Poll on Government Relations with Mongolian Civil Society.....................................................110 Annex 8. Stakeholders’ Map .....................................................................................................................................117 Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................................143
Page 2 and 3: Report No. 32584-MN The Enabling En
Page 6 and 7: Boxes: Box 2.1.1 Proposed Changes t
Page 8 and 9: Preface This study on “The Enabli
Page 10 and 11: of civic engagement, namely, the ab
Page 12 and 13: Part I. Introduction 1.1 DEFINITION
Page 14 and 15: further and recognizes other types
Page 16 and 17: as resources. 13 The quantitative c
Page 18 and 19: parliamentary elections demonstrate
Page 20 and 21: As figure 2.1.2 clearly illustrates
Page 22 and 23: The Constitution also guarantees th
Page 24 and 25: ise of mass pro-democracy movements
Page 26 and 27: preferences of funders. This has le
Page 28 and 29: Recommendations: 1) The Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: PART III - Assessment of the Enabli
Page 32 and 33: and operations, or demand elections
Page 34 and 35: conferences and workshops, to more
Page 36 and 37: Capacity Building Program,” indep
Page 38 and 39: Efforts to transform the state broa
Page 40 and 41: 2) Given the culture and norms that
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.3.1 Frequency of CSO Reque
Page 44 and 45: Box 3.3.1 Women for Social Progress
Page 46 and 47: These bureaucratic delays highlight
Page 48 and 49: Other ways for CSOs to generate alt
Page 50 and 51: development initiatives become more
Page 52 and 53: Box 3.4.1 The Community Scorecard:
Page 54 and 55:
Negotiation also ensures that legis
Page 56 and 57:
Although the Environmental Impact A
Page 58 and 59:
Part IV—Conclusion This study on
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4.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMME
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Currently, the NCAV works in six se
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Mongolian Federation of Senior Citi
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are reluctant to assume full respon
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FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: NATIO
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WSP-UV’s coordinator remains in c
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program officer, the methodology us
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critical role in promoting social a
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Annex 3: Social Accountability and
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khural chairs who served on the ORM
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is inadequate. Part of the problem
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plans, but there was no follow-up a
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Recommendation: Effective CSO colla
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wide mandate to manage and monitor
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Ulaanbaatar, asking them to identif
Page 100 and 101:
Moreover, after a World Bank Superv
Page 102 and 103:
Annex 5. Mongolian Media: Overview
Page 104 and 105:
they would be unlikely to do so. CR
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discussion below), the director of
Page 108 and 109:
Social and cultural considerations
Page 110 and 111:
Findings and Recommendations: Mongo
Page 112 and 113:
Annex 6. Survey of Civil Society Or
Page 114 and 115:
How frequently has your organizatio
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Computer 95% up to 40 computers, 21
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No response 1% BB1. If you have req
Page 120 and 121:
KK. Over the last year, how frequen
Page 122 and 123:
C. What are the most important soci
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L. How much influence do citizens h
Page 126 and 127:
U. Are most civil society organizat
Page 128 and 129:
Annex 8. Stakeholders’ Map CSO NA
Page 130 and 131:
CSO NAME Gandan Monastery Gandantse
Page 132 and 133:
CSO NAME Liberal Women’s Brain Po
Page 134 and 135:
CSO NAME Mongolian Information Netw
Page 136 and 137:
CSO NAME Ongi River Movement (ORM)
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CSO NAME Press Institute Red Cross
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CSO NAME Women For Social Progress,
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AFFILIATION State Great Khural (Par
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AFFILIATION Mineral Resource and Pe
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AFFILIATION National Legal Center (
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AFFILIATION Mongolian Radio and TV
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AFFILIATION UNDP UNICEF CONTACT ANN
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AFFILIATION Mercy Corps CONTACT ANN
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Bibliography Ackerman, John M. 2004
Page 156 and 157:
Finch, Christopher. 2002. “Mongol
Page 158 and 159:
---. 2004. Rural Government Procure
Page 160 and 161:
National University of Mongolia. 20
Page 162 and 163:
UNDP. 2001. A Strategy for Poverty
Page 164:
Zorig Foundation. 2004. “Monitori
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