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Part IV—Conclusion This study on the enabling environment for social accountability in Mongolia has illustrated diverse approaches to promoting accountability of government institutions through civic engagement. These include legislative advocacy, participatory public expenditure monitoring, information campaigns, and community score cards. These mechanisms have had mixed results because of certain factors external to civil society (the political, economic, legal, and socio-cultural context) and internal factors (CSO capital, governance, and accountability) that affect the ability of civil society actors to exercise their Voice, gain access to Information, and Negotiate with public officials to promote social accountability (part II). In particular, the study concurs with the findings of the 2005 World Bank study, “Civil Society in Mongolia’s Development and Governance: An Overview of Trends, Constraints, and Opportunities” (Finch 2005), which established that CSO financial constraints lead to a high level of dependency on foreign resources and limits their ability to fulfill their missions, including civic engagement. There are several key issues identified by this study. First, the findings and recommendations (summarized in the chart in section 4.2) indicate the need for legal and regulatory reforms, including the adoption of an Access to Information Law as well as the reform of the defamation regime and the Law on State Secrets. In addition there is a need for institutional reform and capacity building among the stakeholders to reinforce a political culture of accountability among not only public officials but also all stakeholders that share the common goal of good governance and economic development in Mongolia. This point is closely tied to the final key issue raised in this study: For Mongolia to reap the potential benefits of civic engagement and social accountability, it must be given time, resources, and a commitment by all stakeholders. It is recommended that formal dissemination of this report, which took place in March 2005, should be complemented by broader dissemination to more stakeholders across the country. In addition to informing the GoM’s reform agenda, the report should continue to be a part of the in-country dialogue on governance and accountability in Mongolia, as much as it is an important resource to the Bank’s own Governance Assistance Project, and the strategies and programs of other donor agencies and CSOs. Moreover, the highly participatory, multi-stakeholder approach employed in the study can help to strengthen constituencies for reforms in Mongolia, and promote new frameworks of collaboration. 47
4.2. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS Policy, Legal, & Institutional Reform and Capacity Building FINDINGS Regulatory CSOs Public Officials Other: Media, Donors Reform PART II. External and Internal Factors 2.1.1. Proposed nonprofit law could restrict CSO involvement in civic engagement and social accountability. 2.2. Proposed anticorruption law stipulates disclosure of only the total sum of assets and income for senior officials, thereby undermining capacity to track corruption. * The MoJHA and MPs should revise the wording of the bill before its passage with a more specific definition of the explicitly political organizations (for example, wings of political parties or lobbying firms) that would otherwise be excluded. * The MoJHA and MPs should revise the wording of the bill before its passage to provide for the publication of asset and income declarations by individual officials to strengthen the mechanisms for tracking corruption. * CSOs should offer a revised version of the nonprofit bill that addresses this issue and then pursue legal remedies if the revised provision is not adopted or is improperly implemented. Media-related CSOs could provide technical support in media training to insure implementation of the law * As proposed in the GoM document, Ten Steps to Intensity: The Implementation of the National Program to Combat Corruption (2005), implementation of the law should include media training on the publication of these declarations for which donors provide both technical and financial support.
Page 2 and 3:
Report No. 32584-MN The Enabling En
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Acronyms ........
Page 6 and 7:
Boxes: Box 2.1.1 Proposed Changes t
Page 8 and 9: Preface This study on “The Enabli
Page 10 and 11: of civic engagement, namely, the ab
Page 12 and 13: Part I. Introduction 1.1 DEFINITION
Page 14 and 15: further and recognizes other types
Page 16 and 17: as resources. 13 The quantitative c
Page 18 and 19: parliamentary elections demonstrate
Page 20 and 21: As figure 2.1.2 clearly illustrates
Page 22 and 23: The Constitution also guarantees th
Page 24 and 25: ise of mass pro-democracy movements
Page 26 and 27: preferences of funders. This has le
Page 28 and 29: Recommendations: 1) The Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: PART III - Assessment of the Enabli
Page 32 and 33: and operations, or demand elections
Page 34 and 35: conferences and workshops, to more
Page 36 and 37: Capacity Building Program,” indep
Page 38 and 39: Efforts to transform the state broa
Page 40 and 41: 2) Given the culture and norms that
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.3.1 Frequency of CSO Reque
Page 44 and 45: Box 3.3.1 Women for Social Progress
Page 46 and 47: These bureaucratic delays highlight
Page 48 and 49: Other ways for CSOs to generate alt
Page 50 and 51: development initiatives become more
Page 52 and 53: Box 3.4.1 The Community Scorecard:
Page 54 and 55: Negotiation also ensures that legis
Page 56 and 57: Although the Environmental Impact A
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMME
Page 72 and 73: Currently, the NCAV works in six se
Page 74 and 75: Mongolian Federation of Senior Citi
Page 76 and 77: are reluctant to assume full respon
Page 78 and 79: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: NATIO
Page 80 and 81: WSP-UV’s coordinator remains in c
Page 82 and 83: program officer, the methodology us
Page 84 and 85: critical role in promoting social a
Page 86 and 87: Annex 3: Social Accountability and
Page 88 and 89: khural chairs who served on the ORM
Page 90 and 91: is inadequate. Part of the problem
Page 92 and 93: plans, but there was no follow-up a
Page 94 and 95: Recommendation: Effective CSO colla
Page 96 and 97: wide mandate to manage and monitor
Page 98 and 99: Ulaanbaatar, asking them to identif
Page 100 and 101: Moreover, after a World Bank Superv
Page 102 and 103: Annex 5. Mongolian Media: Overview
Page 104 and 105: they would be unlikely to do so. CR
Page 106 and 107: discussion below), the director of
Page 108 and 109:
Social and cultural considerations
Page 110 and 111:
Findings and Recommendations: Mongo
Page 112 and 113:
Annex 6. Survey of Civil Society Or
Page 114 and 115:
How frequently has your organizatio
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Computer 95% up to 40 computers, 21
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No response 1% BB1. If you have req
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KK. Over the last year, how frequen
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C. What are the most important soci
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L. How much influence do citizens h
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U. Are most civil society organizat
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Annex 8. Stakeholders’ Map CSO NA
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CSO NAME Gandan Monastery Gandantse
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CSO NAME Liberal Women’s Brain Po
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CSO NAME Mongolian Information Netw
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CSO NAME Ongi River Movement (ORM)
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CSO NAME Press Institute Red Cross
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CSO NAME Women For Social Progress,
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AFFILIATION State Great Khural (Par
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AFFILIATION Mineral Resource and Pe
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AFFILIATION National Legal Center (
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AFFILIATION Mongolian Radio and TV
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AFFILIATION UNDP UNICEF CONTACT ANN
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AFFILIATION Mercy Corps CONTACT ANN
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Bibliography Ackerman, John M. 2004
Page 156 and 157:
Finch, Christopher. 2002. “Mongol
Page 158 and 159:
---. 2004. Rural Government Procure
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National University of Mongolia. 20
Page 162 and 163:
UNDP. 2001. A Strategy for Poverty
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Zorig Foundation. 2004. “Monitori
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