Total Quality Management - CII Institute of Logistics

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Total Quality Management varies under normal, state conditions - that is, when only chance causes are contributing to the variations. Then, if any unusual change occurs, we can see this change in our normal distribution curve. We can say that it's the result of an assignable cause and not due to chance causes alone. When assignable causes are present, the curve will be distorted and lose its normal bell shape. Figure 4.5 shows some typical distortions to the normal distribution curve. Figure 4.5 Distortions to the Normal Curve Normal Distribution Measurements tail off to the right Measurements from two different groups Measurements from two different Groups that overlap Measurements tail off to the left Tails of the distribution are chopped off. Parts were probably sorted. This brings us to the sixth basic principle. 6. Variations due to assignable causes tend to distort the normal distribution curve A frequency distribution is a tally of measurements that shows the number of times each measurement is included in the tally. The tally you saw in Figure 4.1, which was made by rolling dice, is a frequency distribution. A frequency distribution helps us determine whether chance causes alone exist in a process or whether an assignable cause is also present. (We have statistical techniques that can detect when an assignable cause is present. Frequency distributions are a very CII Institute of Logistics 72 Website: www.ciilogistics.com
Total Quality Management good quality control tool because of their simplicity and they are a very good way to illustrate the six basic principles. These basic principles are the foundation stones upon which entire tools of quality have been built. Let's take another look at them before we move on. 1. No two things are exactly alike. 2. Variation in a product or process can be measured. 3. Things vary according to a definite pattern. 4. Whenever many things of the same kind are measured, a large group of the measurements will tend to cluster around the middle. 5. It's possible to determine the shape of the distribution curve for parts produced by any process. 6. Variation due to assignable causes tends to distort the normal distribution curve. 4.2 TOOLS OF QUALITY- AN OVERVIEW To improve the quality of our products or to maintain current quality, your must have stable processes. The six basic principles we have discussed are the basis for the statistical techniques you will use to answer these questions: Are we doing something we shouldn't? Are we failing to do something we should? Is the process operating satisfactorily, or has something gone wrong which needs correction? The techniques we will discuss in this program can be used on a one-time basis to solve specific quality problems, but their greatest value comes from using them everyday to control quality. They must become a way of life in your workplace. CII Institute of Logistics 73 Website: www.ciilogistics.com
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