Total Quality Management - CII Institute of Logistics

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Total Quality Management 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2 UCL 1 0 AVERAGES -1 -2 LCL UCL 6 RANGES 4 2 0001 Figure 4.9 The numbers are small because it isn't easy to write the full reading in the space allotted on the control chart. It would be a nuisance to have to add and divide the full measurement numbers. Instead, the operator has used a technique of coding the measurements. The first piece measured and recorded at 8.00 was .6249 inches. This is 0.0001 inch less than the specified diameter of 0.6250, and so it was recorded -1. The measurements recorded on this control chart are all coded to show the bushing diameter in tenths of thousandths of an inch. When the measured diameter is 0.6250, a zero is recorded. When the measured diameter is 0.6251, a plus 1 (+ 1 or 1) is recorded. When the measured diameter is 0.6248, a minus 2 ( -2) is recorded. This method greatly simplifies the arithmetic needed to use this chart. CII Institute of Logistics 82 Website: www.ciilogistics.com
Total Quality Management This chart makes use of a five-piece sample each hour. After the five measurements are recorded, they are added together and this total is recorded in the "sum" line. Next, figure the average of the five measurements by dividing the total, or sum, of the measurements by the number of parts measured (five, in this case) and enters it in the "average" line. The average is plotted as one point on the chart. Another point to be plotted on the chart is the range. We find the range (or R, as it is called) by subtracting the smallest of the five readings from the largest of the readings. This number is recorded on the "range" line of the chart and plotted as one point on the range chart. As you can see, the average and range chart actually consists of two charts. We use the average to monitor how well the operation is centered on the specified dimension, and we use the range to monitor the spread of the dimension around the average. You can see lines on the chart that are marked UCL and LCL. These letters stand for upper control limit and lower control limit. The upper control limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL) are the limits within which we expect the plotted points to stay. If a point falls outside one of these limits, the job is said to be "out of control". In our example we can see that an average point fell outside the upper control limit at 11:00. This is a signal that something was distorting the normal distribution of the diameter of the bushing. A grinding wheel adjustment was made, and the job was back in control again. CII Institute of Logistics 83 Website: www.ciilogistics.com
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