East Kalimantan Environmentally Sustainable Development Strategy

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the city’s peatlands would also be an important visible act. The city’s 38,000 ha of potentially and
slightly critical lands can also be reforested under the Kaltim Green One Man Five Trees program.
TARAKAN
Tarakan is East Kalimantan’s only island city, with an economy built on trade and tourism.
Its location near Malaysia has made it a natural crossing point between the two countries with daily
ferries. Its IDR 2.1 trillion economy is dominated by the service sector (70 percent of GDP), which
is focused on trade, hotels, and tourism. Manufacturing (11 percent of GDP) and agriculture (10
percent) are the other main sectors. The smallest city, Tarakan has retained more forest cover than
the other cities with 20 percent remaining of its 25,000 ha. This includes mangrove forests, which
are particularly important as they protect the island’s coasts from extreme weather conditions.
Tarakan also has the smallest CO2e emissions with a baseline of 0.3 MtCO2e in 2005.
Tarakan is losing around 800 ha of forest a year, out of only 5,800 ha remaining, deforestation results
in 70 percent of its emissions. Deforestation results in 70 percent of its emissions. The remainder is
due to power consumption and transportation for its service and manufacturing sectors.
The city will have to look for small-scale improvements to reduce emissions. Stopping
current deforestation could yield 0.1 MtCO2e of abatement. In addition, Tarakan has 7,000 ha of
slightly and potentially critical lands that can be reforested under the One Man Five Trees program.
Beyond these efforts, Tarakan could conduct a further assessment of transportation and power
initiatives, such as moving to improved combustion engines for vehicles, enhanced public
transport, and higher energy efficiency standards for buildings to match its emissions profile,
which is more like that of a developed city than the large forested districts.
5. Adaptation
Climate change poses significant potential risks to economies and people. Like many
other countries, Indonesia is vulnerable to climate events such as floods, tropical storms, and other
severe weather disasters. Climate change could significantly increase those risks as the increase in
greenhouse gas emissions will result in changes in global air temperatures, frequency and amount
of rainfall, and sea levels and temperatures. Climate change plays havoc on local economies
through event hazards and gradual shift hazards. Event hazards are extreme weather events like
storms, hurricanes, droughts, coastal flooding, inland flooding, and fires. Gradual shift hazards are
gradual rises in sea levels and salinisation and climate zone shifts that impact agricultural yields or
spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.
DRAFT
An adaptation strategy recognizes that some level of climate change is inevitable and
seeks to prepare the economy and population to be more resilient to the negative effects
of such climate changes. Even under the optimistic IPCC scenario, under which the world
takes substantial action to cut current greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric greenhouse
gases are expected to reach 450 parts per million, resulting in a global warming of 2°C. In addition,
IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report shows that global warming to 2030 will be little influenced by
greenhouse gas emissions in the next 20 years due to lags in the climate system. Thus, countries
need to adopt adaptation measures to protect their people and economies from the negative
effects of increasing climatic risks that will occur in the medium term.
The IPCC predicts several scenarios for global climate change reflecting the uncertainty
of the world’s future greenhouse gas emissions. The B1 scenario assumes that the world
moves toward an environmentally sustainable model and average temperatures increase by just
1.5°C by 2100. A scenario of rapid economic growth and balanced energy sources (A1B scenario)
would see a 2.4°C increase by 2100. Finally, a scenario in which the world is economically focused