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and heterozygosi ty values found in G. g. erlangeri are the consequences of a genetic bottleneck. Similar results have been reported in two other species of ungulates, Dama dama (Pemberton and Smith, 1985) and Capra ibex ibex (Stiiwe and Scribner, 1989). However, Ryman et al. (1990) have shown that taxa which are initially found to be monomorphic can be found to be polymorphic when more loci or more individuals are studied. As expected, genetic distances showed that the different subspecies of Gazella gaze/la were more closely related to each other than Gazella gazella is to Gazella subgutturosa. Among ungulates, cervids are the group which has been most studied by means of protein electrophoresis. It is clear that there is much variation in genetic distances within and between species of cervids, and it is very difficult to correlate specific values with specific taxonomic levels (Linnel and Cross, 1991). Variation can be due in part to differences in techniques: for example how many and which loci are examined. Nei's genetic distances between subspecies have been reported to be 0.013 in Rupicapra rupicapra (Pemberton et al., 1989), 0.0182 in Cervus elaphus (Gyllensten et al., 1983), and 0.1 74 in Rangifer tarandus (Baccus et al., 1983). Genetic distances between the species G. gazella and G. subgutturosa are similar to the subspeciflc differences found in Rangifer tarandus. Distances between the subspecies of G. gazella are lower, and with the karyological results, indicate that these subspecies probably diverged recently. If their population numbers do not drop to critically low levels, we suggest that they may be rec()gnized and managed as distinct evolutionary significant units (sensu Ryder, 1986) for conservation programmes. Should their conservation situation worsen, their apparent genetic similarity makes it possible to consider collectively managing all subspecies of G. gazella as a means of preserving the species. Acknowledgements This work was carried out under the patronage of H.R.H. Prince Saud Al Faisal and Prof. Abdulaziz Abuzinada, Secretary-General of the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We thank Dr Frankenberg from the Nature Reserves Authority (Israel) for allowing us to sample mountain gazelles, and R. Darre (Ecole Nationale Veterinrure de Toulouse, France) for his constant support during the last part of the project. We would also like to thank G. Berrebi (Institut des Sciences de rEvolution, Montpellier, France) and Anne Seguela (Ecole VettSrinaire de Toulouse) for technical assistance, and Steven Kingswood and Georg Schwede for their help in tran slating the manuscript. References Arroyo Nombela, 1.1., Rodriguez Murcia, c., Abaigar, T., and Vericad, J.R. 1990. GTG-banded karyotype of Gazella dama mhorr Bennett, 1833 . Zeitschrift for Siiugetierkunde, 55: 194 201. Baccus, R., Ryman. M., Smith, M.H ., Reuterwall. c., and Cameron, D. 1983. Genetic variability and differentiation of large grazing mammals. Journal ofMammalogy, 64: 109-120. Benirschke, K.T. , Kumamoto, A.T., Olsen, J.H., Williams, M.M., and Oosterhuis, J., 1984. On the chromosomes of Gazella soemmeringi Cretzschmar, 1826. Zeitschrift for Siiugetierkunde, 49: 368-373. Granjon, L., Vassart, M., and Greth, A. 1991. Genetic study of Sand gazelles from Saudi Arabia; chromosomal and isozymic data. Zeitschriftfor Siiugetierkunde, 56: 169-176. Groves, c.P. 1989. The gazelles of the Arabian peninsula. In Abuzinada A.H., Goriup P.D., and Nader, LA. (eds), Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. National 101
Corrunission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pp. 237 248. Groves, CP., and Lay, D.M. 1985. A new species of the genus Gazella (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from the Arabian peninsula. Mammalia, 49: 27-36. Gyllensten, U., Ryman, N., Reuterwall, C, and Dratch, P. 1983. Genetic differentiation in four European subspecies of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Heredity, 51: 561-580. Hayes, H., Petit, E., and Dutrillaux, B. 1991 . Comparison of RBG-banded karyotypes of cattle, sheep and goat. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 57: 51-55. IUCN, 1990. Red List ofthreatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ](jngswood, S.C, and Kumamoto, A.T. 1988. Research and management of Arabian Sand Gazelle in the USA. In Dixon, A., and Jones, D. (eds), Conservation and biology of desert ante/opes. Helm, C, London. Pp 212-226. Linnell, ].CD., and Cross, T.E 1991. The biochemical systematics of red and sika deer (genus Cervus) in Ireland. Hereditas, 115: 267-273. Nevo, E., Beiles, A., and Ben-Shlomo, R. 1984. The evolutionary significance of genetic diversity: Ecological, demographic, and life history correlates. In Mani, G.S. (ed), Evolutionary dynamics ofgenetic diversity. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp 13-213. O'Brien, S,]., and Mayr, E. 1991. Bureaucratic mischief: recognizing endangered species and subspecies. Science, 257: 1187-1188. Pasteur, N., Pasteur, G., Bonhomme, E, Catalan, ] ., and Britton-Dav idian, 1. 1988. Practical isozyme genetics. Ellis Horwood Ltd ., .Shister. 215 pp. Patton, ] .L., and Smith, M.F. 1990. The evolutionary dynamics of the pocket gopher Thomomys bOllae, with emphasis on California populations. University of California Publications, Zoology, University of California Press, Berkeley. Vol. 23, 161 pp. Pemberton, ] .M., ](jng, P.W., Lo vari, S., and Bauchau, V. 1989. Genetic variation in the Alpine chamois, with special reference to the subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana Couturier, 1938. Zeitschrift fiir Siiugetierkunde, 54: 243-250. Pemberton, ].M., and Smith, R.H. 1985. Lack of biochemical polymorphism in British fallow deer. Heredity, 55: 199-207. Ryder, O.A. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of su bspecies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, I: 9-10. Ryman, N., Reuterwall, C, Nygren, K, and Nygren, T. 1990. Genetic variation and differentiation in Scandinavian moose: are large mammals monomorphic Evolution, 34: 1037-1049. Seabright, M. 197 1. A rapid banding technique for human chromosomes. Lancet II, 971-972. Stiiwe, M., and Scribner, K.T. 1989. Low genetic variability in reintroduced alpine ibex populations. lournal ofMammalogy, 70: 370-373. Sumner, AT. 1972. A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin. Experimental Cell Research, 75: 304-306. Thouless, CR., Grainger, ] .G., Shobrak, S., and Habibi, K. 1991. Conservation status of gazelles in Saudi Arabia. Biological Conservation, 58: 85-98. Thouless, CR., and Al Bassri, K. 1991. Taxonomic status of the Farasan Island gazelle. lournal of Zoology, London, 223: 151-159. Vassart, M., Granjon, L., and Greth, A. 1991. Genetic variability in the Arabian Oryx. Zoo Biology, 10: 399-408. Vassart, M ., Granjon, L., Greth, A. and Catzefiis, EM. 1994. Genetic relationShips of some Gazella species: an isozyme survey. Zeitschrift fiir Siiugetierkunde, 59: 236-245 . Vassart, M., Greth, A. , Durand, V., and Cribiu, E.P. 1993. Chromosomal polymorphism in Sand gazelles (Gazella subgullurosa marica). lournal ofHeredity, 84(6): 478-481. 102
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
Page 6 and 7:
List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
Page 60 and 61: The Controversial Subject of Gazell
Page 62 and 63: • Taxonomic argument: The divisio
Page 64 and 65: conventional taxonomic characters t
Page 66 and 67: divergence between the mitochondria
Page 68 and 69: Morphometries: Some morphological c
Page 70 and 71: operative progranune could be set u
Page 72 and 73: museum specimens (data extracted fr
Page 74 and 75: Acknowledgements This work was carr
Page 76 and 77: Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
Page 78 and 79: 6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
Page 80 and 81: protein electrophoresis still a val
Page 82 and 83: "molecular clock") has been establi
Page 84 and 85: Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
Page 86 and 87: 7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
Page 88 and 89: and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
Page 90 and 91: analysis. Systematic relationships
Page 92 and 93: management efforts, whether managem
Page 94 and 95: Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
Page 96 and 97: Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
Page 98 and 99: genetic diversity in a subspecies w
Page 100 and 101: amount of change between individual
Page 102 and 103: pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
Page 104 and 105: Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
Page 106 and 107: grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
Page 108 and 109: was involved in a V-autosome transl
Page 112 and 113: Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
Page 114 and 115: cellular and molecular biology requ
Page 116 and 117: structures in terms of visible morp
Page 118 and 119: Although a Robertsonian translocati
Page 120 and 121: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 122 and 123: G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
Page 158 and 159: • Appoint one local auxiliary ran
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Recommendations on park zoning, man
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'9~ ~~~
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flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
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salt marshes and associated sand du
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Many projects were initiated at KlS
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CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
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WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
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CM & AG: We should not forget in si
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- AG: What could the taxon called G
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Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
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3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
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7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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