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12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazelle: Which is the real thing Wilhelmus Rebholz, Douglas Williamson, Bill Flavell, Osama Mohammed and Faris Al-Timimi Abstract: Karyotypes of what is believed to be Saudi gazelle Gazella saudiya are presented and compared with dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas, because several authors think they belong to the same species. The Saudi gazelle are originally from AI Areen Wildlife Park (Bahrain) and Al Ain Zoo and Aquarium (United Arab Emirates), and are currently at King Khalid Wildlife Research Centre (KKWRC). Saudi gazel/e have karyotypes distinctly different from dorcas gazel/e from Africa, but the karyotypes of Saudi gazelle resemble those of the Indian gazelle Gazella bennelli. DNA sequencing data of cytochrome b also strongly support the idea that Saudi ga zelle are different from dorcas gazelle, bw closely related to Indian ga zelle. It is possible that the Saudi gazel/e are hybrids between different populations or subspecies ofIndian gazel/e, since their karyotypes closely resemble each other. However, more animals need to be studied to confirm this. Despite the confusion aboUl the Saudi gazel/e, dorcas gazelle once were pari of the Arabian fauna. Since some animals caught in south-west Saudi Arabia have typical dorcas gazelle karyotypes and their DNA sequences are similar to dorcas gazelle from Africa they must be the Saudi dorcas gazelle Cazella dorcas ssp., as mentioned in several publications. The results presented here indicate that it is essential for Saudi dorcas gazelle and Saudi gazelle to be bred in separate captive breeding programmes. Keywords: Gazella saudiya, cytochrome b, cytogenetics, DNA sequencing, gazelles, mitochondrial DNA, systematics, taxonomy. Introduction The taxonomy of the Antilopinae is still controversial, and as a result many publications use different classifications (Alados, 198611 987; Benirschke and Kumamoto, 1988; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Groves, 1969, 1985, 1988, 1989; Grzimek, 1968; Haltenorth and Diller, 1980; Honacki et 01., 1982; O'Regan, 1984; Spinage, 1986; Walther et 01.,1983). See Groves (I969) for a historical review . Descriptions of pelage coloration and measurements of skulls and bones are common features used as a basis for classification. In gazelles these features often overlap, leading to different classifications and it is often not clear how species and subspecies are related. Classification of the fIve genera in the Antilopinae other than Gazella (Antidorcas, Anti/ope, Ammodorcas, Litocranius, and Procapra) is straightforward. However, classification within the genus Cazella is very difficult, slight differences between species being obscured by considerable geographical variation within species. Since the first morphological study by Groves and Harrison (I967) on Saudi gazelle Gazella saudiya, they have been considered to be the Arabian subspecies of dorcas gazelle Cazella dorcas ssp. Basically, most Or even all morphological data on Saudi gazelle have been collected from skins and skulls in the collection of the British Museum of Natural Hi story (BMNH) in London (see Figure 119
12.1 for collection and sighting locations). While Groves and Harrison ( 1967) concluded that Saudi gazelle, Indian gazelle Gazella bennetli and dorcas gazelle all belong to one species, Gentry (1971 ) argued that Saudi gazelle is congeneric and "maybe even conspecific" with dorcas gazelle and Indian gazelle. Groves' (1969) idea that the Saudi gazelle is a subspecies of dorcas gazdle has been widely accepted by several authors (Corbet, 1978; Walther et 01., 1983; Nader, 1989; Kingdon, 1990; Harrison and Bates, 1991 ). However, Groves (1985) himself later raised the question whether Saudi gazelle belonged to dorcas gazelle or not, because "it is so different from other (dorcas) races". A few years later the Saudi gazelle was elevated to specific status (Groves, 1988), while a year after that (Groves, 1989) he seemed to accept again that it belonged to dorcas gazelle. Another morphological study on several dorcas gazelle subspecies, including Saudi gazelle from the BMNH (Alados, 198611987), argued that the Saudi gazelle is closely related to Gazella dorcas neglecta of the Western Sahara, and that the relatedness of these two groups could be due to the parallel evolution of animals in desert conditions. However, recently Saudi gazelle were reclassified as being different from dorcas gazelle, using morphological data (Fudey et 01., 1988; Groves, 1988) and cytogenetic data (Rebholz el 01., 1991). ... JORDAN AI Harrah AI Khunfah BAHRAIN .. SAUDI ARABIA / ~ !5 ( \ ioATAR • Medina@ • .. Riyadh ..... U,A,E, Taif . .. . OMAN leddah • Rub al Khali .. .. .. YEMEN Figure 12,1 Shaded triangles represent locations where Saudi gazelle specimens have been sighted Or coll ected (information from Thouless er at., 1991). The shaded area is where the founders of the capti ve population of Saudi dorcas gazelle were captured (Faris AI-Timimi, pers. comm.). 120
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
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The Controversial Subject of Gazell
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• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
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conventional taxonomic characters t
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divergence between the mitochondria
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Morphometries: Some morphological c
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operative progranune could be set u
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museum specimens (data extracted fr
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Acknowledgements This work was carr
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Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
Page 78 and 79: 6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
Page 80 and 81: protein electrophoresis still a val
Page 82 and 83: "molecular clock") has been establi
Page 84 and 85: Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
Page 86 and 87: 7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
Page 88 and 89: and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
Page 90 and 91: analysis. Systematic relationships
Page 92 and 93: management efforts, whether managem
Page 94 and 95: Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
Page 96 and 97: Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
Page 98 and 99: genetic diversity in a subspecies w
Page 100 and 101: amount of change between individual
Page 102 and 103: pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
Page 104 and 105: Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
Page 106 and 107: grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
Page 108 and 109: was involved in a V-autosome transl
Page 110 and 111: and heterozygosi ty values found in
Page 112 and 113: Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
Page 114 and 115: cellular and molecular biology requ
Page 116 and 117: structures in terms of visible morp
Page 118 and 119: Although a Robertsonian translocati
Page 120 and 121: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 122 and 123: G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
Page 158 and 159: • Appoint one local auxiliary ran
Page 160 and 161: Recommendations on park zoning, man
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Page 164 and 165: flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
Page 166 and 167: salt marshes and associated sand du
Page 168 and 169: Many projects were initiated at KlS
Page 170 and 171: CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
Page 172 and 173: WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
Page 174 and 175: CM & AG: We should not forget in si
Page 176 and 177: - AG: What could the taxon called G
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Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
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3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
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7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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