CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES - Nwrc.gov.sa

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- AG: What could the taxon called G, arabica be Is it G, g, jarasani CG: The only specimen (one skull) was found at the Farasan islands. I don't think it could be jarasani. It is very different from any other gazelle. But I have no real answer to propose... urgently AG: What are the main in situ conservation measures that should be adopted DW: The NCWCD should take urgent steps to protect the gazelle populations "discovered" or "rediscovered" by CM. The protection should involve the local people. TS: We should explore the possibility of employing people outside the network of Protected Areas. CM: I would recommend the protection of the Tibalah area as a high priority. urgently AG: What are the main ex situ conservation measures that should be adopted AG: A viable population of erlangeri should be built up at KKWRC, based on the founders gathered by NWRC. It sounds sensible to collect individuals of the co ra subspecies from wild popUlations for a captive breeding programme. We should try to obtain some individuals from the group of dorcas believed to originate from Saudi Arabia that are in Al Wabra. Recommendations I guidelines for gazelle conservation and research priorities The Arabian Gazelle Working Group recommend the following priorities for conservation and research in the Arabian peninsula for the next years. "In situ" recommendation s: I) Survey all areas to determine the current status of gazelle populations; augment historical data with information from locals and ground and aerial surveys. 2) Protect relevant and significant areas (primarily with respect to gazelle, but considering all other environmental aspects that require conservation), not necessarily as totally protected areas, but including conservation integrated wi th other land use, and using local people to implement and participate in the conservation process; this recommendat ion is particularly valid for all the remnant populations in the Hejaz mountains. 3) Conduct field studies of the ecology, behav ior and dynamics of wild gazelle populations, using radio-telemetry, among other techniques, over a reasonable period (to record any periodic temporal variation). 4) Monitor the status of known wild populations annually. 5) Obtain ti ssue samples from wild gazelle populations to determine their taxonomic status. "Ex situ" recommendations: 1) Create and / or maintain minimum viable captive populations of the following threatened taxa: Gazella gazella cora, G. g. erlangeri, G. subgu/lurosa marica, C. saudiya, C. dorcas ssp. If possible, founders should be wild-caught and / or of known provenance. 166
2) Maintain existing captive populations of critical taxa involving specimens of doubtful provenance, until their origin is determined or wild-caught specimens become available. 3) Define and describe both extant and extinct gazelle taxa (species, subspecies) in the Arabian peninsula through inter-disciplinary analysis of data on morphology, distribution. ecology, behaviour and genetics; complete the analysis of mitochondrial genes, which seems to be an appropriate tool, on representative samples from each taxon. 4) Reduce captive populations of non-critical species. 5) Reintroduce threatened taxa into suitable areas of their historical range or into areas closest to their historical range when their original range is no longer and never could be "safe" for reintroduction. When the indigenous taxon (i.e., subspecies) is extinct, the most closely related taxon may be considered for reintroduction. 6) Use specimens from the present captive populations of questionable provenance for reintroduction only when no other suitable form is available or likely to become available in the near future. Recommendations for individual taxa Cazella gazella ssp. I) Compare the mitochondrial DNA of C. gazella gazella (wild-caught specimens from Palestine) with C. gazella cora (wild-caught specimens from south-western Saudi Arabia). 2) Determine the taxonomic status of animals at KKWRC by companson with these two populations. 3) With the same teChnique, determine the taxonomic status of the putative subspecies: erlangeri (KKWRC specimens), farasani (wild-caught specimens) and muscalensis (collaborate with Oman to sample wild-caught specimens). 4) Conduct a survey in Oman to assess the status of the subspecies muscalensis, and in Yemen to assess the status of the subspecies erlangeri. Cazella bilkis I) Conduct a survey in Yemen of all gazelle populations to assess the status of this species. 2) If not extinct, collect samples for comparison with C. g. erlangeri. 3) Continue attempts to extract DNA from museum specimens for comparison with the different subspecies of C. gazella. ;azella subgullurosa I) Compare, using cytogenetic. electrophoretic and mitochondrial DNA techniques, samples from native populations of G. s. subgutturosa (e.g. wild-caught specimens from Iran or captive specimens at Al Wabra, Qatar, that are originally from Pakistan) with: a) wild-caught specimens from northern Saudi Arabia (Hartat al-Hartah or AI-Khunfah protected areas) and from the southern Arabian peninsula (Oman and Yemen, if possible); b) captive specimens at KKWRC. 167
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
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The Controversial Subject of Gazell
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• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
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conventional taxonomic characters t
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divergence between the mitochondria
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Morphometries: Some morphological c
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operative progranune could be set u
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museum specimens (data extracted fr
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Acknowledgements This work was carr
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Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
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6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
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protein electrophoresis still a val
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"molecular clock") has been establi
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Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
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7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
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and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
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analysis. Systematic relationships
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management efforts, whether managem
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Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
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Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
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genetic diversity in a subspecies w
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amount of change between individual
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pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
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Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
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grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
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was involved in a V-autosome transl
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and heterozygosi ty values found in
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Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
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cellular and molecular biology requ
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structures in terms of visible morp
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Although a Robertsonian translocati
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Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
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G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
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survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
Page 158 and 159: • Appoint one local auxiliary ran
Page 160 and 161: Recommendations on park zoning, man
Page 162 and 163: '9~ ~~~
Page 164 and 165: flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
Page 166 and 167: salt marshes and associated sand du
Page 168 and 169: Many projects were initiated at KlS
Page 170 and 171: CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
Page 172 and 173: WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
Page 174 and 175: CM & AG: We should not forget in si
Page 178 and 179: Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
Page 180 and 181: 3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
Page 182: 7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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