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CM & AG: We should not forget in silu conservation measures. Future management options could include the repopulation of other islands, and maybe the permission of controlled hunting. Some individuals could be reintroduced on the mainland, depending on the validity of the subspecies. IN: We need to do further research onfarasani, and assess the density of the population. EH: Mitochondrial DNA would be an appropriate technique to judge the taxonomic validity of this subspecies. - AG: Should G. g. erlangeri be considered as a valid subspecies CG: Skins of erlangeri and muscalensis are identical but the horns and skulls are different. The main characteristics of erlangeri are the small size, a very dark color, and straighter horns than cora. AG: It is fundamentally necessary to detennine its distribution as no wild population has ever been reported. Even though no evidence of erlangeri in Saudi Arabia has yet been found, the survey done by CM should be continued, and if possible, extended to Yemen. Mitochondrial DNA comparison with other taxa would also be interesting. - AG: Should G. g. muscatensis be considered a valid SUbspecies CG: The horns are more open in muscalensis than in erlangeri, and the females have longer horns. They are probably close subspecies. DW: A team should be sent to Oman to look at their cora and muscalensis. erlangeri - AG: How can we solve the taxonomic status of G. bilkis Is it identical to G. g. AG: This species is known from only five specimens. It may be extinct. Field surveys in Yemen are a high conservation priority. KH: There may be one Bilkis gazelle in a German zoo. AG: You should contact them. We are awaiting the results of mitochondrial DNA analysis on hairs from specimens of the Field Natural History Museum of Chicago. Unfortunately, D. Woodruff from the University of California, La Jolla, has not for the moment been successful in extracting DNA. - AG: What are the taxonomic differences between G. s. marica and G. s. subgutturosa Are they valid subspecies AG: I think that, after the presentations, everybody is agreed that marica and subgullurosa can be considered as valid subspecies (agreement of everybody). DW: We can get some samples of Pakistani subgullurosa from Al Wabra, Qatar. During the NCWCD expedition in the Rub al Khali, 24 rheem skulls were collected. They have been measured and compared with the sand gazelle at Qassim. There were no real differences. 164
- AA: Could we reintroduce the KKWRC rheem anywhere in the Kingdom, and in 'Vruq Bani Ma'arid in particular KH: We should follow the guidelines for reintroduction . AO: Marica should be considered appropriate for reintroduction anywhere within its historical range in Saudi Arabia, and especially in the sou th. AA: We could ask the Omanis to provide us with some samples or some measurements. HT: There is also the problem of the intergradation zone between marica and subgutturosa, which is not well documented. SK: The putative intergradation zone existed primarily in Iraq and should not be a management concern for marica in Saudi Arabia. AO: It would be interesting to analyze tissue samples from specimens at Al Areen, Bahrain. SK: Individuals from wild populations should be genetically characterized as most data collected to date involves captive specimens of uncertain origin. - AG: Was the "true" dorcas gazelle part of the fauna of Saudi Arabia co: The "real" dorcas gazelles found by KKWRC in Al Wabra seem to be an indication if their location of origin (Saudi Arabia) is exact. There are 40 individuals in Al Wabra, Qatar, all originating from four founders. They have (30, 31) chromosomes (female, male) . Now we should carefully differentiate the G. saudiya (that was before called the Saudi dorcas gazelle) from the true dorcas, G. dorcas ssp. AO: There is a publication mentioning bones of dorcas gazelles 6,000 years old found in Bedouin camps in the north of Saudi Arabia. - AG: Does the "true" dorcas gazelle still exist in the wild DW: There are reports of "red gazelle" or "afri" in AI-Khunfah from the rangers. Substantiation of these reports should be gi ven a high priority. AA: We could ask the rangers to capture some of these gazelle. considered - AG: How should the Saudi dorcas gazelle populations of Al Ain and Al Areen be DW: The populations of Al Ain and Al Areen are supposed to be G. saudiya. AO: The number of chromosomes found by WR (around 50) could only be compared with the karyotype of G. bennetti. Could these two captive groups be hybrids from bennetti specimens or even be a subspecies of bennetti This should be in vestigated. WR: A large number should be sampled for karyotypes. AO: Until we have solved the taxonomic relationships between saudiya and dorcas, we should suspend all reintroductions of other dorcas subspecies (G. d. isabella at KKWRC or G. d. osiris at NWRC). 165
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
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The Controversial Subject of Gazell
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• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
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conventional taxonomic characters t
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divergence between the mitochondria
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Morphometries: Some morphological c
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operative progranune could be set u
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museum specimens (data extracted fr
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Acknowledgements This work was carr
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Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
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6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
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protein electrophoresis still a val
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"molecular clock") has been establi
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Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
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7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
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and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
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analysis. Systematic relationships
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management efforts, whether managem
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Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
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Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
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genetic diversity in a subspecies w
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amount of change between individual
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pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
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Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
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grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
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was involved in a V-autosome transl
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and heterozygosi ty values found in
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Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
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cellular and molecular biology requ
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structures in terms of visible morp
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Although a Robertsonian translocati
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Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
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G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
Page 158 and 159: • Appoint one local auxiliary ran
Page 160 and 161: Recommendations on park zoning, man
Page 162 and 163: '9~ ~~~
Page 164 and 165: flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
Page 166 and 167: salt marshes and associated sand du
Page 168 and 169: Many projects were initiated at KlS
Page 170 and 171: CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
Page 172 and 173: WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
Page 176 and 177: - AG: What could the taxon called G
Page 178 and 179: Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
Page 180 and 181: 3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
Page 182: 7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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