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genetic diversity in a subspecies where numbers had dwindled to such low levels that inbreeding depression resulted. Two populations of African elephant Loxodonta africana from the Kruger Park in the Eastern Transvaal and from the Addo National Park in the Eastern Cape Province were examined using the RFLP approach. Six individuals from Addo were darted and biopsied, with about 5g of muscle being <strong>sa</strong>mpled per individual. This provided enough purified mitochondrial DNA for direct analysis using twelve restriction enzymes. Whereas all patterns were monomorphic in this population, results from twelve Kruger elephants showed polymorphic patterns for three enzymes. However, the Addo patterns were always identical to one of the polymorphisms of the Kruger population, so it could be concluded that the Addo population was very closely related to the Kruger population, but that it was more inbred. Such results have direct relevance to conservation management decisions relating to trans locating individuals from and between these populations. Stu I Ora I Bel I 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Figure 8.1 Diagrammatic representation of gel electrophoretic separations of restriction enzyme digests of mitochondrial DNA from I) D. b. chobiensis, 2) D. b. minor, 3) D. b. michaeli, and 4) D. b. bicornis, using the restriction enzymes Stu I, Ora I, and BcI I. In contrast a similar study on two populations of Damaliscus dorcas, representing the well defined and morphologically di stinct bontebok D. d. dorcas and blesbok D. d. phillipsi, showed genetic distances appropriate for their current subspecific status (Essop and Harley, 1991). In summary, the RFLP approach is well suited to population genetic studies below the species level. It is also useful for the identification of cryptic species, and can be used for highlighting unexpected relationships between closely related species, as we have recently done in demonstrating affinities amongst species in the genus Francolinus (Crowe et al., 1992). The Restriction Mapping approach This method is a development of the RFLP technique in which the sites where the restriction enzymes cut are mapped to a linear or circular representation of the mitochondrial genome. The technique is much more time consuming than the RFLP approach and is more suited to studies of systematics than population genetics. Restriction sites provide data appropriate for both cladistic analyses, sites being unweighted, unordered characters, and distance methods, since the molecular clock enables the 89
,-----4.013 I 2.733-- Eland I I I 4.557------ Kudu I I '----1 I 4.225 Nyala .566 Ll. 0921 L--2. 475--- Bushbuck I 2.758 I ,--- Bontebok 3.350 I I L Blesbok ,---1 r.932-1 I 3.699 Red Hartebeest I I I I 3.471 Tsessebe I I ,1.2-- Blue I L------4.866 I Wildebeest L1.073-1 L.6 Black Wildebeest I I 3.742---- Springbok L1.15-1 I 3.357---- Dorcas gazelle Figure S.2a r 6 Eland Nyala Kudu I I Bushbuck I I 22 Bontebok I -1 4 Blesbok I I 8 Tsessebe I I 3 Red Hartebeest I I 20 Blue Wildebeest I I Black Wildebeest 10 Springbok Figure S.2b Dorcas Gazelle Figure 8.2 Illustration of the use of restriction mapping in systematics: a) Neighbour-joining distance dendrogram; b) Maximum Parsimony cladogram derived from restriction site maps of mitochondrial DNA from representatives of four bovid tribes. Numbers in a) reflect relative genetic distances, and in b) the number of synapomorphies supporting the node. 90
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
Page 48 and 49: Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
Page 50 and 51: species is currently the subject of
Page 52 and 53: One area where local people are ins
Page 54 and 55: 4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
Page 56 and 57: 'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
Page 58 and 59: There is much scope for conflict be
Page 60 and 61: The Controversial Subject of Gazell
Page 62 and 63: • Taxonomic argument: The divisio
Page 64 and 65: conventional taxonomic characters t
Page 66 and 67: divergence between the mitochondria
Page 68 and 69: Morphometries: Some morphological c
Page 70 and 71: operative progranune could be set u
Page 72 and 73: museum specimens (data extracted fr
Page 74 and 75: Acknowledgements This work was carr
Page 76 and 77: Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
Page 78 and 79: 6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
Page 80 and 81: protein electrophoresis still a val
Page 82 and 83: "molecular clock") has been establi
Page 84 and 85: Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
Page 86 and 87: 7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
Page 88 and 89: and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
Page 90 and 91: analysis. Systematic relationships
Page 92 and 93: management efforts, whether managem
Page 94 and 95: Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
Page 96 and 97: Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
Page 100 and 101: amount of change between individual
Page 102 and 103: pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
Page 104 and 105: Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
Page 106 and 107: grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
Page 108 and 109: was involved in a V-autosome transl
Page 110 and 111: and heterozygosi ty values found in
Page 112 and 113: Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
Page 114 and 115: cellular and molecular biology requ
Page 116 and 117: structures in terms of visible morp
Page 118 and 119: Although a Robertsonian translocati
Page 120 and 121: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 122 and 123: G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
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14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
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Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
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1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
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5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
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A slight caveat is required to thes
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• Appoint one local auxiliary ran
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Recommendations on park zoning, man
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'9~ ~~~
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flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
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salt marshes and associated sand du
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Many projects were initiated at KlS
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CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
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WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
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CM & AG: We should not forget in si
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- AG: What could the taxon called G
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Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
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3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
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7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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