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y less than 2% from each other. However, Saudi gazelle is clearly more related to the two Indian gazelles (0.9 and 1.3%) than to the dorcas gazelle subspecies (4.5 to 5.9%). The 4.5 to 5.9% difference between dorcas gazelle and Saudi gazeIle is consistent with values typicaUy found between mammalian species. The gerenuk Litocran;us waller; is used for comparison with gazelle species, to show the divergence between different genera. The gerenuk differs by from 7.6% to 12.2% from all gazelle species so far examined, which is greater than the differences between any of twenty gazelle taxa studied so far (Rebholz, unpublished data). Table 12.2 Percent.ages of sequence divergence between several antelope species, based on approximately 300 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The gerenuk Litocranius walleri is included for comparison. Species I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I Litocran;us walleri - 2 Gazella saud;ya 8.8 3 G. bennett; fuscifrons 8.0 0.9 4 G. bennetti shikarii 7.6 1.3 OA 5 G. cuvieri 10.6 2.9 2.0 3.1 6 G. dorcas isabella lOA 4.7 4.8 5.3 4.2 7 G. dorcas neglecta 12.2 5.9 5.8 6.5 SA 16 8 G. dorcas pelzeln; 9.8 4.5 4.9 SA 5.1 16 1.6 9 G. dorcas ssp. 11.4 5.1 5.3 5.8 4.3 1.0 1.0 12 Discussion Autoso me numbers, shape and the characteristic subtelocentric X-chromosomes of the Saudi dorcas gazelle are identical to dorcas gazelle from Africa, suggesting strongly that the two groups are the same species. The subtelocentric X-chromosomes occur in dorcas gazelle only, whereas most other species have submetacentric X-chromosomes. Sequence data support the conclusion that the Saudi dorcas gazelle is a subspecies of dorcas gazelle. The ancestors of the Saudi dorcas gazelle were caught in south-west Saudi Arabia which makes it very likely that they are the Arabian representative of the dorcas gazelle. Unfortunately, Saudi dorcas gazelle have not been sighted recently and are probably extinct in the wild. On the basis of some morphological features, i.e. horn shape, Furley et al. (1988) suggested that Saudi gazelle should be separated from dorcas gazelle and should be grouped with Indian gazelle. Other morphological data clearly separate Saudi gazelle from Indian gazelle (Groves, this volume) which is in sharp contrast with the results presented here and with Furley's results. It is obvious that the karyotypes of the Saudi gazelle are different from African and Saudi dorcas gazelle, which makes it very unlikely that the two belong to the same species or can even hybridize. Most obvious in Saudi gazelle is the variation in number of subtelocentrics, but other chromosomes also seem to be rearranged. However, karyotypes of Saudi gazelle are very similar to those of Indian gazelle (Furley et al., 1988; Kumamoto and Rebholz, unpublished data), the only difference between them being that Saudi gazelle has 10 to 13 metacentric autosomes whereas the Indian gazelle has only eight. A similar sort of intraspecific karyotype variation is found in Soemmerring's gazelle (Benirschke et al., 1984). 125
Cytochrome b sequence data confirm the karyotyping results: the Saudi gazelle is more closely related to Indian gazelle than to dorcas gazelle, and all dorcas gazelles are closely related to each other, Since dorcas gazelle subspecies show sequence divergences of between 1.0% and 1.6%, the sequence data strongly indicate that Saudi gazelle and Indian gazeJl e belong to the same species, but have separate subspecific starns. As is the case for the Saudi dorcas gazelle, Saudi gazelle in the wild have probably been hunted to extinction by now (Nader, 1987; Groves, 1989; Thouless et al., 1991), although in the early sixties "local hunters stated that it still occurred in fairly large numbers in the wastelands of southern Iraq, eastern Jordan and in restricted localities in nonhern Arabia" (Lewis et al., 1965). According to Gross ( 1987) there is a large herd of Saudi gazelle on an island off the coast of the Nonhern Emirates, but so far thi s information has not been verified. Despite all the confusion about the Saudi gazelle and Saudi dorcas gazelle, the results presented here clearly show that they should be bred in separate captive breeding programmes. There is also clearly a need to take immediate action for organized breeding programmes, since both species are in only one collection (Saudi dorcas gazelle) or three collections (Saudi gazelle), which leaves them vu lnerable to demographic catastrophes. Acknowledgements We are indebted to Dr Marie Rodway and the rev iewers for their commen ts on the manuscript and to Dr Frank Rietkerk, Dr Arnaud Greth, and Nick Lindsay for collecting the samples. We are also grateful to Terry Dennett for printing the photographs. We are grateful to the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), and Sheik Khalid Bin Mohamed Bin Ali Althani from Qatar for their suppon of this work and for the opponunity to sample their gazelles. References Alad os, c.L. 1986/1 987. A cladistic approach to the taxonomy of the dorcas gazelles. Israeli Journal ofZoology, 34: 33-49. Belterman, R.H.R., and De Boer, L.E.M. 1984. A karyological study of 55 species of birds, including karyotypes of 39 species new to cytology. Genetica, 65 : 39-82. Benirschke, K. 1977. Genetic management. International Zoo Yearbook, 17: 50-60. Benirschke, K., and Kumamoto, A.T. 1988. Ziir Bedeutung der Chromosomen Untersuchungen fiir die Zuchmng von Gazellen. In Ippen, R. and Schroder, H.D. (eds), Verhandlungsbericht des 30. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere. Akademie Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 207-213. Benirschke, K., Kumamoto, A.T., Olsen, J.H., Williams, M.M., and Oosterhuis, J. 1984. On the chromosomes of Gazella soemmerringi Cretzschmar, 1826. Zeitschrift fur Siiugetierkunde, 49: 368-373. Corbet, G.B. 1978. Th e mammals of the palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. Br, Mus. (Nat. Hist.) and Cornell Univ. Press, London and Ithaca, New York. Corbet, G.B., and Hill, J.E. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp 124-126. Furley, C.W., Tichy, H., and Uerpmann. H.P. 1988. Systematics and chromosomes of the Indian gazelle, Gazella bennelli (Sykes, 1831). Zeitschrift fii r Siiugetierkunde, 53 : 48-54. Gentry, A.W. 197 1. Genus Gazella. In Meester, J.• and Setzer, H.W. (eds), The Mammals of Africa, an Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institute, New York. Pp. 85-93. Gross, C. 1987. Mammals ofthe Southern Gulf Motivate Publish ing, Dubai. 126
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
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The Controversial Subject of Gazell
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• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
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conventional taxonomic characters t
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divergence between the mitochondria
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Morphometries: Some morphological c
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operative progranune could be set u
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museum specimens (data extracted fr
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Acknowledgements This work was carr
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Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
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6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
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protein electrophoresis still a val
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"molecular clock") has been establi
Page 84 and 85: Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
Page 86 and 87: 7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
Page 88 and 89: and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
Page 90 and 91: analysis. Systematic relationships
Page 92 and 93: management efforts, whether managem
Page 94 and 95: Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
Page 96 and 97: Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
Page 98 and 99: genetic diversity in a subspecies w
Page 100 and 101: amount of change between individual
Page 102 and 103: pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
Page 104 and 105: Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
Page 106 and 107: grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
Page 108 and 109: was involved in a V-autosome transl
Page 110 and 111: and heterozygosi ty values found in
Page 112 and 113: Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
Page 114 and 115: cellular and molecular biology requ
Page 116 and 117: structures in terms of visible morp
Page 118 and 119: Although a Robertsonian translocati
Page 120 and 121: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 122 and 123: G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
Page 158 and 159: • Appoint one local auxiliary ran
Page 160 and 161: Recommendations on park zoning, man
Page 162 and 163: '9~ ~~~
Page 164 and 165: flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
Page 166 and 167: salt marshes and associated sand du
Page 168 and 169: Many projects were initiated at KlS
Page 170 and 171: CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
Page 172 and 173: WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
Page 174 and 175: CM & AG: We should not forget in si
Page 176 and 177: - AG: What could the taxon called G
Page 178 and 179: Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
Page 180 and 181: 3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
Page 182: 7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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