CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES - Nwrc.gov.sa

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• April, 1988: Survey of the Farasan Islands (F1amand et al., 1988). The survey confirms the existence of a healthy population of at least SOO mountain gazelles, the largest population known in Saudi Arabia. The Farasan Islands are later declared a "protected area" by the Board of Directors of the NCWCD in 1989. • 1988: Establishment of a genetic laboratory at the NWRC. One of the aims of this research laboratory is to contribute to the knowledge of gazelle taxonomy in the Arabian peninsula, by the use of cytogenetic and electrophoretic techniques. • 1988: Approval by the Board of Directors of the NCWCD (Child and Grainger, 1990b) of AI-Khunfah, 20,4S0 k:m 2 in size, as a protected area. The largest concentration of rheem known in Saudi Arabia is thus protected. • January, 1989: Beginning of the tuberculosis eradication programme in a population of several hundred ungulates of various species at Thumamah. The strategy includes isolation of the gazelles in small groups, regular serological tests, euthanasia of reactive animals and hand-rearing of some of the calves. • March, 1989: The "Protected Areas Planning Unit" of the NCWCD conducts a survey in the Makshush area, situated beside the Red Sea, 3S0 k:m south of Jeddah . Five mountain gazelles are seen. Numerous tracks of other animals, dung middens and bedding sites are also seen. The population is estimated to number about SO animals. It is facing immediate ri sk of extinction due to poaching. Most of the gazelle populations in the south-west of Saudi Arabia face a similar situation. Immediate action is needed to save these populations. · May, 1989: By means of aerial and ground counts, the rheem population of Al-K.hunfah is estimated as between 2S0 and 4S0 individuals by Thouless, Tatwany and Habibi . · August, 1989: About 400 rheem are counted in Qassim farm. The management of this private collection, located in the north of the country, has been given to the NCWCD and, in practice, will be conducted by KKWRC staff. • 1989·1990·1991: Local people write to the NCWCD to indicate the existence of relict gazelle populations, mainly in the south-west of the Kingdom, facing great danger of extinction. · January, 1990: Meeting of international experts on tuberculosis held at KKWRC to discuss the release of gazelles from Thumamah. A tuberculosis testing protocol is agreed upon, which has subsequently been used to produce animals with a clean bill of health. • February, 1990: Four (2.2) Saudi dorcas are given to KKWRC by AI Areen Wildlife Sanctuary (Bahrain) to start a captive breeding programme. The dorcas gazelle is believed to be extinct in Saudi Arabia. Th is progranune is intended to be the beginning of the return to the wild of the dorcas in the Kingdom. A group of rheem is translocated from KKWRC to pre-release enclosures 3
at Mahazat as-Sayd, a 2,244 kIn' fenced reserve consisting of open desert steppe, located 150 kIn north-east of Taif. - March, 1990: Publication of a system plan for protected areas by Child and Grainger (J 990a). This system plan proposes the creation of a network of 56 terrestrial reserves and 52 marine reserves to conserve biodiversity in Saudi Arabia and to implement sustainable rural development schemes. The proposed reserves account for 8.1 % of the Kingdom's total land area (Thou less, 1991). A draft policy document stating the strategy for the conservation of all three gazelle species in Saudi Arabia is also produced (Child and Grainger, 1990b). - October, 1990: Last case of death due to tuberculosis in the KKWRC gazelle population. The eradication programme is believed to be progressing well. Monitoring of the infection will continue through the use of regular serological tests during the following years. - 1990: Examination of the karyotypes of rheem from KKWRC reveals a Robertsonian translocation (Granjon et al., 1991). This chromosomal polymorphism has already been described in C. s. nwrica from Jordan by Kingswood and Kumamoto (1988) and raises the problem of the presence of hybrids between the two subspecies, nwrica and subgutturosa, in the KKWRC collection. - December, 1990: First release of a group of 20 mountain gazelles in the Special Ibex Reserve at Hawtat Bani Tamim (Lindsay, 1991). This reserve, located south of Riyadh, covers 2,200 kIn' of a limestone escarpment and plateau with deeply incised canyons running through it. More than 50 animals have now been moved to the reserve. They are monitored by radio-tracking by Kevin Dunham, a KKWRC biologist. More than 30 births in the wild and a good survival rate attest to the promising beginning of the reintroduction. - 1991: Rebholz et al. (1991) publish the karyotypes of the presumed Saudi dorcas kept at Thumamah. The high chromosome number found (2n=47 in female, 2n=50/51 in males) refutes the assumption that these gazelles could be a subspecies of the African dorcas gazelle (30 and 31 chromosomes). - 1991: Managements of both NWRC and KKWRC agree on a co-operative programme for gazelles and Arabian oryx. Gazelle captive breeding will be under the full responsibility of KKWRC, oryx under the responsibility of NWRC. Both Centers will co-operate to obtain new founders of the different species. Co-operation replaces competition. - 1991: Description of the Farasan gazelle, C. g. /arasani, as a valid subspecies of the mountain gazelle, by Thouless and Al Bassri (1991) in the "Journal o/Zoology, London". This paper revives the debate on the importance of gazelle subspecies and raises the question of the future management of this small population. 4
Page 1: CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
Page 4 and 5: • 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
Page 6 and 7: List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
Page 8 and 9: Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
Page 10 and 11: 1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
Page 14 and 15: - May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
Page 16 and 17: References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
Page 18 and 19: until Groves (1983) re-examined the
Page 20 and 21: Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
Page 22 and 23: Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
Page 24 and 25: Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
Page 26 and 27: In order to test the PSC (phylogene
Page 28 and 29: (2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
Page 30 and 31: two adult male and one adult female
Page 32 and 33: 4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
Page 34 and 35: (2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
Page 36 and 37: In the two other equally parsimonio
Page 38 and 39: ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
Page 40 and 41: By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
Page 42 and 43: On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
Page 44 and 45: anch of the premaxilla generally to
Page 46 and 47: J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
Page 48 and 49: Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
Page 50 and 51: species is currently the subject of
Page 52 and 53: One area where local people are ins
Page 54 and 55: 4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
Page 56 and 57: 'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
Page 58 and 59: There is much scope for conflict be
Page 60 and 61: The Controversial Subject of Gazell
Page 62 and 63:
• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
Page 64 and 65:
conventional taxonomic characters t
Page 66 and 67:
divergence between the mitochondria
Page 68 and 69:
Morphometries: Some morphological c
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operative progranune could be set u
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museum specimens (data extracted fr
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Acknowledgements This work was carr
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Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
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6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
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protein electrophoresis still a val
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"molecular clock") has been establi
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Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
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7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
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and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
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analysis. Systematic relationships
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management efforts, whether managem
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Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
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Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
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genetic diversity in a subspecies w
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amount of change between individual
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pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
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Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
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grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
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was involved in a V-autosome transl
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and heterozygosi ty values found in
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Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
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cellular and molecular biology requ
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structures in terms of visible morp
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Although a Robertsonian translocati
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Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
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G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
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survey was carried out in February
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Conservation action: International
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12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
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Genetic research can clarify the ta
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dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
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y less than 2% from each other. How
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Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
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eflect the truly remarkable output
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• National (central) government p
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past colonial Africa and Asia, and
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• Studies of gazelle growth rates
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References Child, G., and Grainger,
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14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
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Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
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1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
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5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
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A slight caveat is required to thes
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• Appoint one local auxiliary ran
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Recommendations on park zoning, man
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'9~ ~~~
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flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
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salt marshes and associated sand du
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Many projects were initiated at KlS
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CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
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WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
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CM & AG: We should not forget in si
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- AG: What could the taxon called G
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Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
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3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
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7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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