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• Appoint one local auxiliary ranger from among population adjacent to Jabal Marwan I in nearby Shi'b ash Shami. 6. Wadi That AI Qarn (north-east of AI Fatihah, south-west of Ad Darb) • Make official contact with Asir National Park authority to persuade them to engage a new Conservation Officer to replace the one who recently resigned. • Persuade ANP authorities to engage local auxiliary rangers and I or offer NCWCD support. AcknoWledgements Thanks are due to all the people who have assisted in this survey, unfortunately too numerous to name, but comprising staff of NCWCD, NWRC, KKWRC, and many Emarahs, plus many voluntary and invaluable local guides. Particular thanks are due to Prof. Abdulaziz Abuzinada of NCWCD and Drs Georg Schwede and Arnaud Greth of NWRC for their unflagging interest and support. References Child, G., and Grainger, J. 1990. A System Plan for Protected Areas for Wildlife Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Saudi Arabia. The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia, and the World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 335 pp + Appendices. Child, G., Grainger, J., Kariri, A.R., and Thouless, C. 1989a. Field Reconnaissance Survey of Mahkshush Area. NCWCD, Riyadh. Protected Area Report No. 17. Child, G., Grainger, J., Kariri, AR., and Thouless, C. 1989b. Field Reconnaissance Survey of Garshaw 'r (Qilwah) Area. NCWCD, Riyadh. Protected Area Report, No . 18. Daly, R. 1993. Gnusletter, 12(3): 13-14. Habibi, K., and Al Basri, K. 1988. Reconnaissance Survey ofAl Baha. July 1988. NCWCD, Riyadh. Protected Area Report No. 11 . Magin, C.D. I 992a. Survey for gazelle species in the south-west of Saudi Arabia. Progress report August - September 1992. National Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Internal report. Magin, C.D. 1992b. Survey for gazelle species in the south-west ofSaudi Arabia. Progress report October - November 1992. National Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Internal report. Magin, C.D. 1993a. Survey for gazelle species in the south-west of Saudi Arabia. Progress report December 1992 - January 1993. National Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Internal report. Magin, C.D. 1993b. Survey for gazelle species in the south-west of Saudi Arabia. Final report August 1992 - February 1993. National Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Internal report. Magin, C.D., and Greth, A 1992. Survey for gazelle species in the south-west of Saudi Arabia. National Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Internal report. Magin, C.D., and Greth, A 1994. Distribution, status, and proposals for the conservation of mountain gazelle Gazella gazella cora in south-west Saudi Arabia. Biological Conservation, 70: 69-75. Rahmani, AR., and Shobrak, M. Y. 1992. The Arabian Bustard in Saudi Arabia. NCWCD, Riyadh. Final Report. Thouless, c., Grainger, J.c., Shobrak, M., and Habibi, K. 1991. Conservation Status of Gazelles in Saudi Arabia. Biological Conservation, 58: 85-98. 148
15. Measures to Conserve the Wildlife of Kuwait Samira A. S. Omar and Mahmoud Y. Abdulraheem Abstract: Exploitation of natural resources and overgrazing of natural vegetation have caused significant destruction and depletion of the renewable natural resources of Kuwait, thereby damaging the natural habitat of wild animals. Realizing the intrinsic value of protected areas for conserving flora and fauna whilst allowing public recreation, in 1983 the Kuwait Government implemented measures to conserve its natural history by designating a 250 km' protected area, Kuwait National Park (also known as "fal Az-Zor National Park") in the north-eastern region of Kuwait. The area has extensive boundary demarcation. a diversity of plant and animal species, interesting photographic features, good accessibility and is easy to protect. In this paper, the area's biological, physical and social allributes and the protection measures enforced are discussed. A zoning plan with recommendations for reintroducing wildlife and plants in the park area is provided. Other areas (consisting of both marine and desert ecosystems) are suggested as future potential nature reserves. Finally, the current status of the desert ecosystem in the post-war period is highlighted. Keywords: Kuwait, conservation, Kuwait ("Jal Az-Zor") National Park, protected areas, reintroduction programmes. i:,troduction The fauna and flora of Kuwait are subject to pressures from both man and his livestock. Human exploitation of vegetation for animal feed, fuel and recreation has caused significant destruction and depletion of the vegetation, thereby damaging the natural habitat of wild animals. In addition, overgrazing by domestic livestock has decreased species diversity, reduced vegetation growth and vigour, and caused soil erosion. Another significant factor is off-road use by vehicles, which has disturbed the vegetation and, in many cases, has resulted in irreversible adverse effects. The lack of a governmental or institutional framework for the protection and management of wild plants and animals in Kuwait has compounded the situation (Omar and Taha, 1981). Realizing the intrinsic value of protected areas for conserving the country's flora and fauna while allowing public recreation, Kuwait Municipality designated areas in its Land-Use Master Plan for thi s purpose. This step was further pursued in 1981 and 1983 by requesting the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) to undertake two feasibility studies (phase I and II) in order to select the criteria for the establishment of protected areas in Kuwait. In accordance with the Land-Use Master Plan, KISR conducted research that resulted in the selection of a 250 km 2 area located in the north-east of Kuwait, and the identification of its ecological. biological, physical and social characteristics. Detailed studies of the area showed extensive boundary demarcation, a high diversity of plants and animals, interesting photographic features, good accessibility and ease of protection. 149
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
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The Controversial Subject of Gazell
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• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
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conventional taxonomic characters t
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divergence between the mitochondria
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Morphometries: Some morphological c
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operative progranune could be set u
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museum specimens (data extracted fr
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Acknowledgements This work was carr
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Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
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6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
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protein electrophoresis still a val
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"molecular clock") has been establi
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Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
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7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
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and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
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analysis. Systematic relationships
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management efforts, whether managem
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Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
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Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
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genetic diversity in a subspecies w
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amount of change between individual
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pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
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Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
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grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
Page 108 and 109: was involved in a V-autosome transl
Page 110 and 111: and heterozygosi ty values found in
Page 112 and 113: Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
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Page 116 and 117: structures in terms of visible morp
Page 118 and 119: Although a Robertsonian translocati
Page 120 and 121: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 122 and 123: G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
Page 160 and 161: Recommendations on park zoning, man
Page 162 and 163: '9~ ~~~
Page 164 and 165: flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
Page 166 and 167: salt marshes and associated sand du
Page 168 and 169: Many projects were initiated at KlS
Page 170 and 171: CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
Page 172 and 173: WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
Page 174 and 175: CM & AG: We should not forget in si
Page 176 and 177: - AG: What could the taxon called G
Page 178 and 179: Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
Page 180 and 181: 3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
Page 182: 7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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