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Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller gazelles of the genus Gazella de Blainville, 1816. Zeitschriftfiir Sdugetierkunde, 34: 38-60. Groves, c.P. 1983. Notes on the gazelles. IV. The Arabian gazelles collected by Hemprich and Ehrenberg. Zeitschrift for Saugetierkunde, 48: 371-381. Groves, C.P. 1985. An introduction to the gazelles. Chinkara, 1(1): 4-10. Groves, c.P. 1989. The gazelles of the Arabian peninsula. In Abuzinada, AH., Goriup, p.o., and Nader, LA. (eds), Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Publication No.3, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pp. 237-248. Groves, C.P., and Harrison, D.L. 1967. The taxonomy of the gazelles (genus Gazella) of Arabia. Journal ofZoology (London), 152: 381-387. Grubb, P. 1993. Order Artiodactyla. In Wilson, D.E., and Reeder, D.M. (eds), Mammal species ofthe world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. pp. 377-414. Harrison, D.L., and Bates, P.J.J. 1991. The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Mu seum, Sevenoaks, England. 354 pp. Heptner, V.G ., Nasimovich, A.A, and Bannikov, AG. 1988. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation, Washington. (Volume 1), 1147 pp. Hsu, T.C., and Benirschke, K. 1977. Gazella subgutturosa (Persian gazelle) 2n=31 M, 30 F. An atlas of mammalian chromosomes. Springer-Verlag, New York. Vol. 10, Folio 504 (unpaged). IUCN, 1990. 1990 lUCN Red List of threatened animals. mCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UX 192 pp. Kingswood, S. 1991. Captive history of Arabian sand gazelle. In Carter, S. (ed), Goitred gazelle Nonh American regional studbook. Sedgwick County Zoo and Botanical Garden, Wichita, Kansas. Pp 2-4. Kingswood, S.c. 1992. Meiosis in chromosomally heteromorphic goitred gazelle, (Gazella subgutturosa). M. S. Thesis, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas. 84 pp. Kingswood, S.c., and Kumamoto, AT. 1988. Research and management of Arabian sand gazelle in the USA In Dixon, A, and Jones, D. (eds), Conservation and biology of desert antelopes. Christopher Helm, London. Pp. 212-226. Rostron, J. 1972. A multivariate statistical study of skull measurements of five taxa of gazelles. Biological Journal ofthe Linnean Society, 4: 1-14. Shi, L. 1987. Recent trends in mammalian cytogenetics in China. La Kromosomo, ll-45 : 1458-1467. Speed, R.M. 1989. Heterologous pairing and fertility in humans. In Gillies, C.B. (ed), Fertility and chromosome pairing: recent studies in plants and animals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 1-35. Thouless, C.R., Grainger, J.G., Shobrak, M., and Habibi, K. 1991. Conservation starus of gazelles in Saudi Arabia. Biological Conservation, 58: 85-98. Vassar!, M., Granjon, L., and Greth, A 1991. Genetic variability in the Arabian oryx. Zoo Biology, \0:399-408. Vassar!, M., Granjon, L., Greth, A, and Catzeflis, F.M. 1994. Genetic relationships of sOme gazelle species: an isozyme survey. Zeitschriftfiir Sdugetierkunde, 59: 236-245. Vassart, M., Greth, A, Durand, V" and Cribiu, E.P. 1993. Chromosomal polymorphism in sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica). Journal ofHeredity, 84(6): 478-481. White, M.J.D. 1973. Animal cytology and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K. 961 pp. Wurster, D.H. 1972. Sex-chromosome translocations and karyotypes in bovid tribes. Cytogenetics, 11: 197-207. 111
11. Bilkis gazelle in Yernen - status and taxonomic relationships Arnaud Greth, Douglas Williamson, Colin Groves, Georg Schwede and Marc Vassart Article reprinted from Oryx, 27(4): 239-244_ (1993) Abstract: The Bilkis gazelle Gazella bilkis was described in 1985 from material collected in Yemen in 1951. No new information about the species has been forthcoming since then and the animal's current status is uncertain in two respects. Firstly, it is difficult to establish the taxonomic relationship between G. bilkis and a possible subspecies of the Arabian gazelle Gazella gazella erlangeri which also occurs in the south-west Arabian peninsula. Secondly, uncontrolled hunting and the general lack of conservation measures in Yemen mean that, if it does still survive, its continued existence is far from assured. Systematic field surveys and taxonomic research are urgently needed to clarify the status ofthis animal and implement a global conservation action plan. Keywords: Gazella bilkis, Gazella gazella erlangeri, conservation, taxonomy, Yemen, Arabian peninsula. Introduction Given the rate at which tropical forests are being destroyed, it is relatively easy to understand how cryptic rainforest invertebrates with minuscule ranges can become extinct without being known to science, but it is startling to realize that a similar fate could befall the Bilkis gazelle Gazella bilkis, a medium-sized antelope from the Arabian peninsula. Bilkis gazelle was first described by Groves and Lay in (1985) from museum specimens collected in Yemen in 1951 and named in honour of the Queen of Sheba. No further material or infonnation has been forthcoming since 1951 and there is none known in captivity. To fully comprehend the problems regarding G. bilkis, an overview of other gazelle taxa in the Arabian peninsula is necessary. The taxonomic issue is confused by the presence of another poorly understood gazelle in the same region G. gazella erlangeri, which is believed to be a subspecies of the mountain gazelle. In 1987, Ryder emphasized the "urgent need for conservation action" for some gazelle species. The situation has recently improved in the north of the Arabian peninsula for the sand gazelle G. subgutturosa marica and the mountain gazelle G. g. gazella (Thouless et ai., 1991). But at least three other subspecies of G. gazella as well as Bilkis gazelle are still in jeopardy. Because infonnation on all the gazelles is either very scarce or non-existent, it is very difficult to plan conservation measures. Priority should, therefore be given to taxonomic studies and field surveys in order to fonnulate and initiate a conservation strategy, as well as immediate remedial action. This paper presents all available infonnation on Bilkis gazelle and emphasizes the urgency of undertaking field surveys and taxonomic research to clarify its status and facilitate its conservation. 112
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CONSERVATION OF ARABIAN GAZELLES
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• 14 Survey of Gazelle Populatio
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List of Contributors Prof. Abdulaz
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Foreword HRH Prince SAUD AL-FAISAL
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1. Recent Developments in Gazelle C
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• April, 1988: Survey of the Fara
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- May, 1991: Capture of rheem from
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References Abuzinada, A., 1987. Int
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until Groves (1983) re-examined the
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Figure 2.1 a Figure 2.1 b
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Dissatisfaction with the BSC over t
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Nixon & Wheeler (1990) are not so d
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In order to test the PSC (phylogene
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(2) FEMALES Variable gazella cora
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two adult male and one adult female
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4 4 * 4 3 2 *33 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 1 I 5
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(2) FEMALES Variable G. bennelli (
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In the two other equally parsimonio
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ufifrons benneui saudiya subguuurcs
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By branch-swapping, using Macelade,
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On my first visit to AI-Areen, in 1
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anch of the premaxilla generally to
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J.R., and Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. 19
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Aden: 12°50'N, 45°03'E (4 skins,
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species is currently the subject of
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One area where local people are ins
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4. The Relationship Between Taxonom
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'I1Ie current status of taxonomy Ad
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There is much scope for conflict be
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The Controversial Subject of Gazell
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• Taxonomic argument: The divisio
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conventional taxonomic characters t
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divergence between the mitochondria
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Morphometries: Some morphological c
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Page 74 and 75: Acknowledgements This work was carr
Page 76 and 77: Lange, 1. 1972. Studien an Gazellen
Page 78 and 79: 6. Modern Techniques in Taxonomy an
Page 80 and 81: protein electrophoresis still a val
Page 82 and 83: "molecular clock") has been establi
Page 84 and 85: Beni~hke, Nombela, J.J., Rodriguez
Page 86 and 87: 7. Chromosonlal Evolution in Gazell
Page 88 and 89: and C. gazella (Vassart et ai., Art
Page 90 and 91: analysis. Systematic relationships
Page 92 and 93: management efforts, whether managem
Page 94 and 95: Kumamoto, A.T., and Bogart, M.H. 19
Page 96 and 97: Table 8.1 Mammalian cells in cultur
Page 98 and 99: genetic diversity in a subspecies w
Page 100 and 101: amount of change between individual
Page 102 and 103: pardus, at positions 38, 61, 64, an
Page 104 and 105: Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC), n
Page 106 and 107: grown m MEM medium supplemented wit
Page 108 and 109: was involved in a V-autosome transl
Page 110 and 111: and heterozygosi ty values found in
Page 112 and 113: Viegas-Pequignot, E., and Dutrillau
Page 114 and 115: cellular and molecular biology requ
Page 116 and 117: structures in terms of visible morp
Page 118 and 119: Although a Robertsonian translocati
Page 122 and 123: G. bilkis and the dark forms of G.
Page 124 and 125: survey was carried out in February
Page 126 and 127: Conservation action: International
Page 128 and 129: 12. Genetics of Saudi dorcas gazell
Page 130 and 131: Genetic research can clarify the ta
Page 132 and 133: dorcas gazelles Gazella do rcas ssp
Page 134 and 135: y less than 2% from each other. How
Page 136 and 137: Groves, c.P. 1969. On the smaller g
Page 138 and 139: eflect the truly remarkable output
Page 140 and 141: • National (central) government p
Page 142 and 143: past colonial Africa and Asia, and
Page 144 and 145: • Studies of gazelle growth rates
Page 146 and 147: References Child, G., and Grainger,
Page 148 and 149: 14. Survey of Gazelle Populations i
Page 150 and 151: Sony IPS-360 Global Positioning Sys
Page 152 and 153: 1. Mahkshush The gazelle habitat co
Page 154 and 155: 5. Jabal Jandaf A small population
Page 156 and 157: A slight caveat is required to thes
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Page 160 and 161: Recommendations on park zoning, man
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Page 164 and 165: flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber; her
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Page 168 and 169: Many projects were initiated at KlS
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CG: Taxonomy is the essential backg
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WR: On a mitochondrial DNA basis, w
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CM & AG: We should not forget in si
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- AG: What could the taxon called G
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Gazella dorcas 1) Survey Al-Khunfah
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3 Male mountain gazelle (Thumamah)
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7 Female Arabian sand gazelle (Thum
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