Editorial & Advisory Board - Acta Technica Corviniensis

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overview how the error, i.e. difference between observed value and reference value (samples average) is distributed. ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering REFERENCES [1.] ISO 10 012:2003 Measurement management systems ‐ Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment. [2.] International Recommendation OIML R018 Visual disappearing filament pyrometers, Paris 1989. [3.] Technický predpis metrologický TPM 0051‐93. Stanovenie neistôt pri meraniach. Bratislava 1993. [4.] E. Dietrich, Es geht auch einfach. Messunsicherheit in Analogie zur Prüfmittelfähigkeit bestimmen, QZ Magazine, 46 (2001) 3, pp. 264‐265. [5.] Measurement system s analysis (MSA). Reference manual. Fourth edition. 2010. ISBN 978‐1‐60‐534211‐5, pp. 101‐122 Figure 3. The normalized histogram for temperatures As illustrates Figure 3, the differences of bias (systematic error – the difference between histogram’s peak and 0) and variability (random error – the width of histogram) between subjects are significant. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained are summarized as follows: The measurement of temperature with pyrometer has more significant uncertainty than measurement with thermocouple. The capability of temperature measurement process, with pyrometer by MSA method is conditionally acceptable. The equipments affected the quality of measurement process more significantly than appraisers. As for uncertainty the best conjunction is appraiser B and pyrometer PJP (average uncertainty U rel = 2.07 %). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA 1/0672/10 ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING ISSN: 2067‐3809 [CD‐Rom, online] copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARA, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA, 5, REVOLUTIEI, 331128, HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA http://acta.fih.upt.ro 118 2012. Fascicule 2 [April–June]
1. Fathollah OMMI, 2. Ehsan MOVAHEDNEJAD, 3. Kouros NEKOFAR MANUFACTURING AND TESTING OF DOUBLE‐BASE SWIRL INJECTOR IN ORDER TO IMPROVE SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS 1. TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY, TEHRAN, IRAN 2. ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY OF JOLFA, JOLFA, IRAN 3. ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY OF CHALOOS, CHALOOS, IRAN ABSTRACT: A new design procedure for double‐base liquid injectors is proposed in this paper. The procedure is based on theoretical and experimental results. Then a computer code is developed and the performances of these injectors are studied for various conditions. Finally, four injectors are manufactured with high precision and then mounted on a test stand in order to investigate various important spray characteristics. A specialized laboratory was setup for the measurement of macroscopic spray characteristics under different pressure such as droplet distribution, spray angle, swirl effect. Through PDA cold test, the microscopic characteristics of injectors spray are also measured. KEYWORDS: Swirl Injector, Double–Base Injector, Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics, PDA Laboratory INTRODUCTION As shown in figures 1 and 2, the double based liquidliquid injectors have many advantages making them applicable in aerospace industries. Fuel and oxidizer can be mixed more efficiently in such injectors, creating an ideal combustion condition and reducing the probability of combustion instability [1]. Figure 1: Double base– swirl injector Figure 2: A Manufactured Injector The swirl effect's advantages include producing microdiameter droplets and desirable spray angle which provide the perfect combustion condition. The rules used in the swirl injector theory are based on the principles of mass, angular momentum, energy conservation, maximum flow rate and minimum energy laws. Based on the design procedure, a computer code is developed, which performs the design and necessary calculations of different dimensions of injector. This program designs injector based on design data and calculates its dimensions. The necessary parameters for internal and external nozzles are fed into the program separately for obtaining their geometries. However, as mentioned, the radius of external nozzle should be more than the external radius of nozzle in the inner injector [2]. At the same time, the spray cone angle of inner injector should be more than outer injector, therefore both spray cones would contact to each other after discharging form injector. According to the design condition the internal nozzle must inject flow of 20 cc/sec in defined pressure of 10 bars. The external nozzle must also inject 120 cc/sec in 4 bars. The spray angles for the internal and external nozzles obtained 85° and 75° respectively. MANUFACTURING THE INJECTORS Four injectors are manufactured based on design calculations. The double‐based swirl injector has three parts including internal nozzle, external nozzle and lid [3]. Brass metal was chosen due to its special characteristics for accurate machining and minute drilling [4]. Detailed drawings of internal and external nozzle are shown in figures 3 and 4. These three parts are brazed and assembled precisely as shown in figure 5. © copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 119
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