Editorial & Advisory Board - Acta Technica Corviniensis

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[21.] Oyediran, O. S., & Akintola, A. (2011). A survey of the state of the art of e‐tendering in Nigeria. ITcon, 16, 557‐576. [22.] Oyediran, O. S., & Odusami, K. T. (2004). Whither the Nigerian Quantity Suveyors in the Information Technology Age. Information Technologist, 1(1), 1‐16. [23.] Oyediran, O. S., & Odusami, K. T. (2005). A study of computer usage by Nigerian Quantity Suveyors. ITcon, 10, 291‐303. [24.] Pasupathinathan, V., & Pieprzyk, J. (2008). A fair e‐ tendering protocol. [25.] Peansupap, V., & Walker, D. (2005). Factors affecting ICT diffusion a case study of three large Australian contractors. Engineering, construction and Architectural management, 12(1), 21‐27. [26.] Rezgui, Y., Wilson, I. E., Damodaran, L., Olphert, W., & Shilboum, M. (2004). ICT adoption in the construction sector: Education and training issues. [27.] Svidt, K., & Christiansson, P. (2006). Expertices from implementation of ICT for resources management in small construction companies. Paper presented at the World conference on IT in design and construction, New Delhi. [28.] The Nigerian Institute of Quantity Suveyors. (2011). NIQS, from http://niqs.org.ng [29.] Uwaifo, S. O., & Omede, G. C. (2006). An assessment of the capacity‐building programme on information and communication technology. Emerald group. ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING ISSN: 2067‐3809 [CD‐Rom, online] copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARA, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA, 5, REVOLUTIEI, 331128, HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA http://acta.fih.upt.ro 80 2012. Fascicule 2 [April–June]
1. Ala’a M. DARWISH DOUBLING THE WATER QUANTITIES IN IRAQI MARSHES BY CHANGING ITS TOPOGRAPHY – ENGINEERING SOLUTION FOR A POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEBATE 1. BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING FACULTY, UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, BAGHDAD, IRAQ ABSTRACT: The Garden of Adan, which is now known as the Iraqi marshes, is suffering from the lack of water. In the nineties of the twentieth century it was desiccated for political reasons. In the timeframe between 2003 and present date, efforts of re‐flooding it to its original area of 20,000 square kilometers were jammed to restore only one third of this area with a poor quality of water. Global climate change and water developing projects in the surrounding countries, Turkey, Syria and Iran had severely violated Iraqi water shares required to supply this area. The environmental destruction in this wetland is not only reflected upon the vanishing of its wildlife but extended to force its inhabitants to flee. In addition to highlighting this Iraqi catastrophe, the aim of this research is an attempt to save a considerable amount of fresh water by the use of the physical phenomena concerning the evaporated water quantity with respect to the surface area. Tests have been done for models of soil totally/ partially covered with water to figure out the amount of water that can be saved by the retardation of the evaporation process. The reduction of the amount of evaporated water with respect to its surface area showed that 50% of water can be saved, if the top surface area of water was reduced to 30% of its original area. Changing the marshes topography by deepening 30% of its area and filling, with the same excavated soil, the remaining 70% might restore it to its original size and environment. KEYWORDS: Iraqi marshes, Global change, lack of water, Evaporation, Surface area, restoring wetlands INTRODUCTION [1] About 20,000 square kilometres of swamps in the southern part of Iraq are called Marshes. These marshlands were created during ancient times when there was a huge quantity of water flowing through the famous two Mesopotamian Rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. Marshes were the best natural regulator for repetitive floods in these rivers. Moreover, marshes were considered as a great natural wildlife area with high potential of eco‐tourism. The region is thought to be where the Garden of Adan was located. In the nineties of the twentieth century, large portions of marshes were dried for political reasons to force groups of insurgents inhabiting this area to flee away. [2] Fig 1 shows marshes extent in 1985 and in 2000. Figure 1. Marshes extent in 1985 and in 2000 [3] Marshes were drained and shrank to a‐tenth of its original size. Re‐flooding efforts after 2003 have restored one‐third the original size (with poor water quality due to salinity and pollution), resulting in a wet coverage of an area of only 8,000 square kilometres. Desiccating this area was not easy; it consumed a lot of efforts, time and money to change water paths, construct dikes and burn reeds leaving this area look like a scorched landscape see Fig 2. The deteriorating marshy environment altered the natural routes of migratory birds that took refuge in this area during their annual migration to complete its life cycle. [4] Fish stocks were reduced to a terrifying level, transforming Iraq from being a producer to an importer. The residents of marshes whom were self dependent upon fishery activities and rearing water buffalo became dependable poor immigrants in their country. In 2003 a political change happened, one of its concerns was to restore Iraqi marshes as it was. Many national and international meetings, conferences and projects were directed to the rehabilitation of marshes. Till now a limited actual success has been reached due to the emerging of a new factor that is the reduction of water quantities flowing through the providing rivers. Iraqi rivers which were known of their destructive floods were heavily dammed in the countries of their origin. Turkey, Iran and Syria have built large dams in their territories across the supplying tributaries of both of Tigris and Euphrates. [5] In Turkey alone, by © copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 81
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