The challenge of academic writing for Chinese students within ...

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REFERENCES Adamson, B. (2002) Barbarian as A Foreign Language: English in China‘s Schools. World Englishes, 21(2), pp.231-43 Adamson, B. (2004) China‘s English: A History of English in Chinese Education, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp.29-33 Adamson, B. and Morris, P. (1997) The English Curriculum in the People‘s Republic of China. Comparative Education Review, 41(1), pp.3-26 AEI (2007) Monthly Summary of International Student Enrolment Data – Australia – December 2007. Research Snapshot, Australian Education International, Australian Government, available [on-line] at: http://aei.dest.gov.au/AEI/MIP/Statistics/StudentEnrolmentAndVisaStatistics/2007/Monthyly _Sum_December_pdf.pdf [accessed 3 rd September 2008] Allinson, C. W. and Hayes, J. (1988) The Learning Styles Questionnaire: An alternative to Kolb‘s Inventory Journal of Management Studies, 25, pp. 269–81, cited in A. Duff and T. Duffy (2002) Psychometric Properties of Honey & Mumford‘s Learning Styles Questionnaire (LSQ), Personality and Individual Differences, 33(1), p.149 Alptekin, C. (1993) Target-Language Culture in EFL Materials, ELT Journal, 47(2), pp.136- 43 Alred, G., Byram, M. and Fleming, M. (2003) Intercultural Experience and Education, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd Altbach, P. (1998) Comparative Higher Education: Knowledge, the University, and Development. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong. Altbach, P. (2004) ‗Higher Education Crosses Borders‘, Change (March – April). Available [on-line] at: www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/publications/pub_pdf/Student%20_flows.pdf [Accessed on 30th June 2008] Altbach, P. G. and Knight, J. (2007) The Internationalisation of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities, Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), pp.290-305 Anderson, L. E. (1994) A New Look at An Old Construct: Cross-cultural Adaptation, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), pp.293-28 Anderson, J. (1993) Is A Communicative Approach Practical for Teaching English in China Pros and Cons. System, 21(4), pp.471-80 Anderson, R. (2006) British Universities, Past and Present. London: Hambledon Continuum. Andrade, M. S. (2006) International Students in English-Speaking Universities, Adjustments Factors, Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), pp.131-54 214
Angelova, M. and Riazantseva, A. (1999) ―If You Don‘t Tell Me, How Can I Know‖: A Case Study of Four International Students Learning to Write the U.S. Way, Written Communication, 16, pp.491-525 Anson, G. ([1748] 1974) A Voyage Round the World: In the Years MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV. R. Wlater and B. Bobins (eds.) London: Oxford University Press, quoted in Bolton, K. (2002) Chinese English: From Canton Jargon to Global English. World Englishes, 21(2), p.184 Armytage, W. H. G. (1955) Civic Universities: Aspects of A British Tradition. London: Benn, pp.247-8 Arndt, V. (1987) Six Writers in Search of Texts: A Protocol-based Study of L1 and L2 Writing, ELT Journal, (41)4, pp.257-67 Aulich, T. (1990) Priorities for Reform in Higher Education, Report by the Senate Standing Committee on Employment, Education and Training, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, quoted in D. Chalmers and R. Fuller (1996) Teaching for Learning at University Theory and Practice, London: Kogan Page, p.3 Ballard, B. and Clanchy, J. (1997) Teaching International Students: A Brief Guide for Lecturers and Supervisors, Deakin, ACT: Education Australia, cited in B. Paltridge (2004) Academic Writing, Language Teaching, 37, p.88 Ballard, B. and Clanchy, J. (1991) Assessment by Misconception: Cultural Influences and Intellectual Traditions, in L. Hamp-Lyons (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts, Norwood, NJ: Ablex, pp.19-35 cited in R. Kern (2000) Literacy and Language Teaching, p.175 Barnes, S. V. (1996) England‘s Civic Universities and the Triumph of the Oxbridge Ideal. History of Education Quarterly, 36(3), pp.271-305 Bauman, Zygmunt (2001) Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World, Oxford: Polity Press BBC (2008) Rise in Foreign Students in UK. BBCNEWS, available [on-line] at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7181806.stm [accessed 4th September 2008] Bennell, S. (2005) Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship, Towards An Integrated Approach in North Wales, Higher Education and Teacher Continuing Professional Development Elements, September 2004-August 2005, Final Project Report, cited in V. Caruana and N. Spurling (2007) The Internationalisation of UK Higher Education: A Review of Selected Material, p.39 Bereiter, C. and Scardamalia, M. (1987) The Psychology of Written Composition, Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum, cited in W. Grabe and R. B. Kaplan (1996) Theory and Practice of Writing, p.5 Berry, J. W. (2003) Conceptual Approaches to Acculturation, in K. Chun, P. Balls Organista, G. Marin (eds.), Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research, Washington DC: American Psychological Association, pp.17-37 215
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TRANSFORMATIONS THROUGH LEARNING: T
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have many people
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ABSTRACT This thesis explores the e
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........
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Learning and teaching styles ......
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Layers of
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CHAPTER 1: CONTEXTS OF ORIGIN Intro
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of openness (Deng 1984). China‘s
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p.249). They are restricted by the
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These schools of philosophy pervade
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and Northern Dynasties (386 - 581)
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Benevolence (ren) is the characteri
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Daoism‘s doctrine of non-action (
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Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism w
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Chinese education values / underlin
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imperial civil service examination.
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The Chinese education system As the
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National College Entrance Examinati
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eferred to as a ‗jargon of broken
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Private learning of English has bee
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proficiency by taking the Test of E
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CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTS OF DESTINATION
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The original six civic universities
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University and Liverpool Hope Unive
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People‘s (1949) to policy change
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Massification of higher education T
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Thatcher‘s Conservative governmen
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Internationalisation ‘at home’
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modules at the University of Wales
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prospective students would certainl
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The lower satisfaction of East Asia
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Some international students take up
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challenged linguistically and cultu
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From the perspectives of psychologi
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four-stage acculturation theory, an
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ange of disciplines and areas. The
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settings; when reaching the end of
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(comprehension) in order to grasp e
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overwhelming advantage over any oth
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approach - by Biggs. The strategic
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version of the SBQ inventory - Stud
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The concepts and constructs of appr
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attend not only to his or her own t
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L2 research on transfer in writing
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their native language to assist the
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The next section of this chapter ex
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the teacher‘s role is consistent
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PART II - RESEARCH DESIGN This part
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I started primary school at the age
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after my study. However, in 1998, t
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In my previous studies, I taught th
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- and I use that capability to push
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education from medieval or ‗ancie
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The methodology has built on - grow
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esearch, reliability and validity n
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Its total student population is rel
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contacts. The researcher once taugh
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Data collection phase two Value of
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PART III - INTERPRETATIONS This par
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These particular six student storie
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I think this culture shapes a very
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much in the first year except I mad
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was like a nightmare with fear and
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Figure 5.6: Ridi‘s perception of
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Again I was especially weak in list
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ecause I knew too little English to
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Figure 5.11: Peter‘s perception o
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The academic life here is higher th
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High School. In the second year, I
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CHAPTER 6: COMMUNITIES OF LEARNING
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… Since I was a child, my father
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would love to repay my family by be
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Chris was another participant who h
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having them completed as soon as po
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just have some short conversations
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found in Appendix 9. This finding c
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It was the kind of student-tutor re
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Chinese students are studying in co
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confidence gradually increased with
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in exams, such as grammar practice.
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prior English learning experiences
Page 163 and 164: een aware of the differences in rel
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Page 167 and 168: Writing for academic purposes All p
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Page 171 and 172: Previous studies (Arndt, 1987; Cumm
Page 173 and 174: perceived better practice than that
Page 175 and 176: factors, two other driving elements
Page 177 and 178: I believed that it would be more ch
Page 179 and 180: they spent some time studying in th
Page 181 and 182: get to learn their culture and to l
Page 183 and 184: of consulting with their parents ha
Page 185 and 186: awareness or intercultural understa
Page 187 and 188: I‘m disappointed with things are
Page 189 and 190: the interview that they have develo
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN
Page 193 and 194: elationship for these students is t
Page 195 and 196: students in this study value learni
Page 197 and 198: students from their home country an
Page 199 and 200: elated to professional practices, c
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Page 203 and 204: their place of origin. They appreci
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Page 209 and 210: assistance to facilitate the achiev
Page 211 and 212: Having said all this, academics nee
Page 213: students‘ voices which are not of
Page 217 and 218: Brown, R. (2009) The Operation of t
Page 219 and 220: Coffield et al. (2004) Learning Sty
Page 221 and 222: Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, cited in
Page 223 and 224: Guclu, N. (1993) A Study to Identif
Page 225 and 226: T. Duffy (2002) Psychometric Proper
Page 227 and 228: Krapels, A. R. (1990) An Overview o
Page 229 and 230: MacLeod, D. (2005) Colleges to Gain
Page 231 and 232: Ministry of Education of the People
Page 233 and 234: Perl, S. (1979) The Composing Proce
Page 235 and 236: Shi, L. (2006) The Successors to Co
Page 237 and 238: Thomas, G. (2002) Who Should Call t
Page 239 and 240: Ward, C. and Kennedy, A. (1996) Cro
Page 241 and 242: Zamel, V. (1984) In Search of the K
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 2: Consent form Title of r
Page 245 and 246: SECTION 4. CONSENT Is written conse
Page 247 and 248: SECTION 5. RISKS AND ETHICAL PROCUD
Page 249 and 250: Deanery Research Ethics Coordinator
Page 251 and 252: Appendix 5: Instruction on writing
Page 253 and 254: Notes: 1. Prompts for each question
Page 255 and 256: to come back and I regrouped with m
Page 257 and 258: Peter: I came to the UK in Septembe
Page 259 and 260: with them even more. Let me give yo
Page 261 and 262: second, or to say, my third languag
Page 263 and 264: Appendix 8: Student learning journe
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way as your first language. In othe
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When I recall my high school years,
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Figure 8.6: Mia‘s perception of h
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Max Max is a 24 years old male Chin
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My father arranged a house for me t
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Figure 8.10: Vincent‘s perception
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Alex‘s graphs of his learning exp
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classmates, I do not know why. Prob
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cultures, economic and legal system
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the fame of Foshan‘s china indust
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Figure 8.17: Kent‘s perception of
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languages. They had been chosen by
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teaching styles were different. In
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I have studied in UK for almost two
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Figure 8.24: Andy‘s perception of
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