The challenge of academic writing for Chinese students within ...

Wars;
Ancient Chinese civilization was invaded by the West.
The Boxer Rebellion (1900) against foreign invasions and
the Eight-Nation Alliance; The Wuchang revolution
(1911) and the establishment of Republic of China (1912).
Modern China
(1912 - 1978)
- Republican China
(1912 - 1928);
- Nationalist China
(1928 - )
- People‘s Republic
of China (1949 - )
Maoism – known as ‗Mao Zedong
Thought‘ developed and matured
during the Communist revolution in
the 1930s and the Second Sino-
Japanese War. It was added to the
Chinese Communist Party
constitution as a revolutionary
guiding ideology in 1945. It was
regarded as one of the Four Cardinal
Principles of Communist Party in
1979. The importance as a guiding
ideology was reconfirmed at the
Sixth Plenum of the Eleventh
National Party Congress Central
Committee of 1981.
Mao Zedong Thought is
manifested in his two major
philosophical essays: On
Practice (1937), and On
Contradiction (1937). Two main
ideas emerged from these two
essays are the integration of
knowledge and practice, and
‗unity of opposites‘. Mao
Zedong Thought is a political
guiding ideology of present
Communist Party.
The Civil War (1927 - 1949) – the Long March (1934 -
1935), Zunyi Conference (1935), Second Sino-Japanese
War (1937 - 1945);
The establishment of People‘s Republic of China (1949);
The Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976);
The death of Mao Zedong (1976);
Emergent New
China
(1979 - present)
A hybrid political culture
- modern Neo-Confucianism
A mixture of Chinese traditional
philosophies (described above),
communism, socialism,
capitalism, individualism and
consumerism.
As a result of the Open-Door Policy of Deng Xiaoping in
1978 and economic reform, people started to be more
interested in their financial well-being instead of a
particular ideology or philosophy. In order to create a
‗harmonious‘ society, Confucianism has been readvocated
by the government in hopes providing a
guiding moral base for society and for ‗Asian Values‘.
Table 1.1: Layers of Chinese tradition
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