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Arkansas Animal Science Department Report 2001 Table 4. 2000 Arkansas DHIA reasons for cows leaving herds from official Holstein herds 1 . Reason for leaving herd Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 Avg All lact number left herd 38.7 51.5 27.0 27.9 35.3 Total % left herd 37.8 38.1 29.1 37.4 34.7 % Left for dairy 10.3 33.2 8.5 3.6 13.6 % Left for low production 7.2 5.8 1.9 2.0 4.2 % Left for reproduction 18.7 13.0 21.5 27.6 19.7 % Left for mastitis 15.8 4.3 5.6 6.1 7.6 % Left for udder 2.3 0.4 0.4 4.7 1.9 % Left for feet & legs 8.3 0.9 1.1 3.9 3.3 % Left for injury or other 15.2 1.9 2.6 3.9 5.6 % Left for disease 2.0 2.1 0.0 1.4 1.3 % died 10.6 15.5 22.2 21.5 17.2 % not reported 9.5 17.3 31.4 20.1 19.3 1 Some cows may have more than one reason for leaving herd. 154
Growth, Luteal Activity, and Pregnancy Rates of Three Breed Types of Dairy Heifers in a Forage-Based Development Program 1 A. H. Brown, Jr., D. W. Kellogg, Z. B. Johnson, R. W. Rorie, W. K. Coblentz, B. A. Sandelin, and K. E. Lesmeister 2 Story in Brief Growth, estrous, and pregnancy rates were evaluated in 89 dairy heifers. Breed types were Holstein (H, n = 35), Jersey x H (JH, n = 30) and Brown Swiss x H (BSH, n = 24). Heifers were fed to ensure 2.0 lb of daily BW gain. Hip height, chest depth and BW were obtained monthly; Body condition score was recorded at approximately 14 mo of age. Heifers were considered cycling by 12 mo of age if progesterone concentrations were ≥1 ng/ml in either of two samples taken 10 d apart. Heifers were bred artificially (AI) on a synchronized estrus starting at 14 mo of age and pregnancy was determined ultrasonically 60 d post-breeding. The BSH and H had similar (P > 0.05) weights and hip heights; whereas JH were lighter and shorter (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) occurred for depth of chest and BCS. Estrus occurrence by 12 mo of age was greater (P < 0.05) for JH (90%) than for BSH (75%) and lowest (P < 0.05) for H (47%). Pregnancy rates did not differ (BSH = 96%, JH = 87%, H = 77%). These data suggest that genetic effects of crossbreeding influence early growth and cyclicity at 12 mo of age for replacement dairy heifers. Forage based development of dairy heifers may be a suitable option to concentrate feeding for dairy producers in Arkansas and the southern region of the U.S. Introduction Successful heifer development reduces replacement costs and increases herd life. The importance of well-developed heifers is reflected in breeding recommendations based on BW as well as age. Because of the importance of early growth, developmental programs have emphasized concentrate feeding and selection based on the additive genetic variance for BW gain. Selection based on the additive genetic variance has been emphasized because of the notable merit of purebred Holstein (H) cows for body size and milk production. Additionally, it has been established that crossbred heifers generally exceed parental averages for BW and body dimensions (Robinson et al., 1980), and crossbreds tend to calve at younger ages than purebreds. In previous studies, losses due to reproductive failure, mastitis, lameness, and other diseases were twice as great among purebreds as among crossbreeds (Dickinson and Touchberry, 1961). The objectives of this study were 1) to compare BW and height of purebred Holstein heifers that were developed on a foragebased development program to recent industry standards for replacement heifers; and 2) to compare growth, estrous and pregnancy rates for purebred Holstein (H), Jersey x Holstein (JH) and Brown Swiss x Holstein (BSH) crossbred replacement dairy heifers. Experimental Procedures Eighty-nine dairy heifers were obtained from the Norwood Dairy Farm near Goldthwaite, Texas, and moved to the University of Arkansas research farm in December, 1998. All heifers were born to purebred Holstein cows and were sired by H (n = 35), Jersey (JH, n = 30), or Brown Swiss (BSH, n = 24) bulls. The three breed types of heifers were reared as contemporaries in a forage-based development program. During an initial adjustment period, heifers were maintained on high-quality bermudagrass hay, allowed access to grass in a 7.5-acre mixed pasture, and were fed 3.85 lb of grain supplement once daily. All heifers were weighed individually and hip height and chest depth were determined at a mean age of 6 mo. Hip height was recorded because it matures earlier in beef cattle, and it is slightly higher in heritability than wither height (Brown et al., 1983). Vaccines were injected and were repeated in January. The BW and body measurements were repeated at approximately 28-d intervals until August. From December 15 until May 31, heifers were allowed to strip graze 2.3 acre paddocks of wheat pasture for 8 to 12 h daily. A concentrate supplement was offered daily and bermudagrass hay was provided ad libitum. At the end of May the heifers were moved to a bermudagrass-dominant mixed pasture and continued on the same supplement and bermudagrass hay. During the late sum- 1 Acknowledgment is given to W.R. Jackson and R.T. Rhein for their assistance with cattle management, and to K.S. Anschutz and J.E. Turner for their assistance in collecting data. 2 All authors are associated with the Department of Animal Science, Fayetteville. 155
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Arkansas Animal Science Department
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spine copy ARKANSAS ANIMAL SCIENCE
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INTRODUCTION The faculty and staff
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The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizati
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Supplementation of Beef Cows and He
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