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Arkansas Animal Science Department Report 2001 indirect staining procedure and flow cytometric analysis (Park et al., 1992). The functions of each of the cell types measured are described in Table 1. Cow and calf serum concentrations of IgG were measured 0 and 24 h post partum. Serum IgG was assessed using a commercial radial immunodiffusion kit (VMRD, Pullman, WA). Cow and calf serum concentrations of Cu and Zn were measured 0 and 24 hr post partum. Analyses of variance were conducted on proportions of leukocyte populations, MGS and serum data using SYSTAT 9.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL 60606). The model included Tasco, sampling time, and the Tasco by sampling time interaction. Results and Discussion Where there were no dietary treatment by time of sampling interactions (P > 0.10), the main effects of dietary treatment and time of sampling will be discussed. In cows, supplementation of Tasco TM increased the proportion of B lymphocytes (P = 0.05) in the blood (Table 2). Tasco TM decreased the proportion of helper T lymphocytes (P = 0.03) and tended to decrease the proportions of γδ T cells (P = 0.13) within the lymphocyte population. γδ T cells are T lymphocytes that are predominantly associated with immune function at epithelial and mucosal surfaces. Proportions of bovine leukocyte populations in the MGS were affected by time of sampling and dietary treatment (Table 3). T lymphocytes migrate selectively into bovine milk. T cells in milk express cell surface markers that are characteristic of memory T cells (Taylor et al., 1994). Additionally, T cells in the milk are predominantly positive for cell surface markers (CD8+), suggesting cytotoxic function (Asai et al., 2000). B lymphocytes represent a minor population in milk when compared to peripheral blood. The proportion of B lymphocytes tended to increase from parturition to d 1 (P = 0.13). Tasco supplementation tended to increase the proportion of monocytes/macrophages in the mammary gland secretions (P = 0.06). Proportions of B lymphocytes in blood from calves decreased (P = 0.03) due to Tasco TM supplementation (Table 4). Proportion of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the blood of calves increased from parturition to d 1 (P < 0.03). The proportions of helper T lymphocytes tended to increase and B lymphocytes increased in the blood of calves from birth to d 1 (P = 0.13 and P = 0.04, respectively). Tasco supplementation had no effect on the concentration of IgG (Table 5) in the serum of cows or MGS (P > 0.10). Mammary gland secretion IgG concentrations decreased from parturition to d 1 (P < 0.01). This finding is in agreement with previous reports that noted a decrease in MGS IgG concentration several days after parturition (Quigley and Drewry, 1998). Serum IgG concentrations from calves born to cows consuming the Tasco supplement did not increase as much from d 0 to d 1 as did the non-supplemented group (sampling time x Tasco interaction, P < 0.01; Figure 1). In cows, supplementation of Tasco had no effect on the concentrations of Cu in the serum (Table 6). However, Tasco TM supplementation decreased (P = 0.05) serum Zn concentrations in the cows. Time of sampling significantly increased the Cu concentration in the serum of calves (P < 0.01) and tended to decrease the serum Zn concentration (P = 0.09). Implications Dietary supplementation with Tasco TM altered proportions of bovine leukocyte populations in blood and mammary gland secretions. The impact of Tasco TM supplementation on cow and calf health requires further investigation. Determining the basic mechanisms involved in passive immune transfer from the cow to the calf at parturition could be economically advantageous to the dairy cattle producer. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the BoNaRaDo Farms, especially Bob, Nadine, and Randy Spears for all of their help in accommodating the researchers as well as managing the research cattle. The authors would also like to acknowledge Land O’Lakes Farmland Industries and Acadian Seaplants Ltd. for their generous donations of feed and research support. Literature Cited Allen, V. G., et al. 2001. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1032. Asai, K., et al. 2000. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 73:233. Fike, J. H., et al. 2001. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1011. Park, Y. H., et al. 1992. J. Dairy Sci. 75:998. Quigley, J. D., and J. J. Drewry. 1998. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2779. Saker, K. E., et al. 2001. J Anim. Sci. 79:1022. Taylor, B. C., et al. 1994. Cellular Immunology. 156:245. Wittum, T. E., and L. J. Perino. 1995. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56:1149. 70
AAES Research Series 488 Table 1. Description of each of the bovine leukocyte types determined by flow cytometric analysis. Leukocyte type Granulocytes Monocytes/macrophages Lymphocytes Helper T lymphocytes Cytotoxic T lymphoctes γδ T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Function Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, important in inflammation and innate immunity Involved in the recognition, activation and effector phases of specific immunity Mediate specific immune responses Recruit and activate inflammatory leukocytes Lyse cells that produce foreign antigens A subset of cytotoxic T cells associated with mucosal and epithelial surfaces Production of antibodies Table 2. The main effects of Tasco TM inclusion in the prepartum diet and time of sampling on the proportion among bovine leukocyte populations in the blood of cows. Time of Sampling Dietary Treatment Cell type Hour 0 Hour 24 P= Control Tasco P= % Granulocytes 12.4 17.6 NS 14.7 15.2 NS % monocytes/macrophages 10.2 14.9 NS 12.6 12.4 NS Lymphocytes % Helper T lymphocytes 26 24 NS 29 21 0.04 % Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 22 24 NS 22 24 NS % γδ T lymphocytes 12 14 NS 15 11 0.13 % B lymphocytes 30 33 NS 27 35 0.05 Table 3. The main effects of Tasco TM inclusion in the prepartum diet and time of sampling on the proportion among bovine leukocyte populations in mammary gland secretions. Time of Sampling Dietary Treatment Cell type Hour 0 Hour 24 P= Control Tasco P= % Granulocytes 19.4 25.8 NS 22.6 23.5 NS % monocytes/macrophages 43.6 49.4 NS 40.2 53.0 0.06 Lymphocytes % Helper T lymphocytes 26 21 NS 24 23 NS % Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 33 32 NS 32 33 NS % γδ T lymphocytes 24 24 NS 22 26 NS % B lymphocytes 16 19 0.13 18 17 NS Table 4. The main effects of Tasco TM inclusion in the prepartum diet and time of sampling on the proportion among bovine leukocyte populations in the blood of calves. Time of Sampling Dietary Treatment Cell type Hour 0 Hour 24 P= Control Tasco P= % Granulocytes 10.2 26.9 0.01 18.3 22.6 NS % monocytes/macrophages 4.9 15.2 0.02 12.6 10.1 NS Lymphocytes % Helper T lymphocytes 15 21 0.13 18 21 NS % Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 26 23 NS 26 23 NS % γδ T lymphocytes 33 33 NS 31 34 NS % B lymphocytes 14 19 0.04 20 15 0.03 71
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Arkansas Animal Science Department
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spine copy ARKANSAS ANIMAL SCIENCE
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INTRODUCTION The faculty and staff
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COMMON ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation T
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The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizati
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Demographics and Academic Success o
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Efficacy of Mannan Oligosaccharide
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Page 26 and 27: Effects of Dietary Magnesium and Ha
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Impact of Spontaneous Heating Durin
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Effects of Tall Fescue Inoculated w
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Yield and Nutritive Value of Easter
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2000 Dairy Herd Improvement Herds i
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The Impact of Multiple Antimicrobia
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The Impact of Multiple Antimicrobia
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The Use of Hurdle Technology to Red
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Consumer Acceptability of Forage Fe
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