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Chapt 9C1. Marine Plants, page 9C1- 25 ephemerals and unattached forms. On the oyster floats, the early successional ephemeral forms are also encouraged due to the periodic cleaning of the habitat. The higher and generally more uniform salinity of both of these habitats appears to enable the ephemeral browns to outcompete the ephemeral greens. Table 9C1.13. Summary of the Hierarchical Composition and Physical Features of each Habitat Type Observed during the June 1998 Survey Habitat Types Harbors Mud Bays Rk Headlands Rk Bays Floats Composition and Reefs Taxonomic* R>G>B B=R>G R>B>G R>B>G B>R>G variable variable variable Residency Status C>N C>N N>C N>C C>N Exposure low low high low med-high Salinity variable low-med high variable high Temperature variable variable uniform uniform uniform Substratum variable soft hard hard hard * = includes only the 3 major taxonomic groups sampled. Resident type composition. Cryptogenic species predominated in the more disturbed and variable habitats of the Harbors, Mud Bays, and Floats, while the native species predominated in the less disturbed and more uniform habitats provided by Rocky Headlands and Reefs, and Rocky Bays. Cryptogenic algal species appear to contain a high percentage of ephemeral forms. Hence, their ability to survive in fluctuating environments and perhaps in ballast water and on ship bottoms is high. Introduced species and their impact. The 5 probable plant NIS discovered during our survey are all isolated (and probably young) populations. Although four of these species do not appear to have wide distribution in Prince William Sound, Fucus cottonii does appear to have an expanding range. It was found at 4 of our sites and appears to be prevalent in the supra-littoral of all of these areas. Unique to sloughs and the marsh area of mudflats, this species does not seem to be replacing any of the known marine or estuarine species. However, in Cloudman Bay, it may actually be out-competing some terrestrial plants. Fortunately, none of the probable NIS plants found in Prince William Sound appear to be hazardous to the environment. None are as toxic or as invasive as the Mediterranean introduction Caulerpa taxifolia (Lemee et al., 1993; Verlaque and Fritayre, 1994). The transport mechanisms of these introductions is only partially clear. The two species (Chroodactylon ramosum, Microspongium globosum ) found on oyster floats could have been brought into the area with the transplantation of oysters for aquaculture purposes. The vector for Codium and its epiphyte Ceramium is more debatable. The subspecies Codium fragile fragile was potenitally transported up from southeast Alaska with Macrocystis for the HROK industry. But the only method of transport for the subspecies Codium fragile tomentasoides would have to be either ballast water or as fouling on the hulls of ships. The importation mechanism of Fucus cottonii is even less clear. Its relatively widespread occurrence in Prince William Sound (and in patchy spots along the west coast) indicates that it is probably not a recent introduction. However, since it is a predominantly unattached species, it is also an excellent candidate for transport by ballast water.
Chapt 9C1. Marine Plants, page 9C1- 26 Other potential introductions and their significance. What of the other 70 cryptogenic species which are possibly introductions, but which have less obvious characteristics of invasion These species are, by definition, wide-ranging and many are abundant, often heavily impacting the communities in which they occur. Proof of the NIS status of these prominent species is possible, but it will require detailed comparative morphological study and world-wide molecular biological tracking of their distributions. Furthermore, knowledge of the impacts of these species on community structure will demand complex physiological and ecological studies of the species in both their introduced and native habitats. These studies are important projects for future investigators who are concerned about the conservation of our native biodiversity. References Abbott, I. A., and G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford. xii+827 pp. Adams, N. M. 1983. Checklist of marine algae possibly naturalized in New Zealand. N. . J. Bot. 21: 1-2. Adams, N. M. 1994. Seaweeds of New Zealand, an illustrated guide. Canterbury University Press Publ., New Zealand. 360 pp. Calvin, N. I., and S. C. Lindstrom. 1980. Intertidal algae of Port Valdez, Alaska: species and distribution with annotations. Bot. Mar. 23: 791-797. Carlton, J. T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77 (6): 1653-1655. Chapman, J., and G. Hansen. 1997. Surveys of nonindigenous aquatic species for Port Valdez, Alaska. In: Ruiz, G.M. and A.H. Hines. 1997. Patterns of nonindigenous species transfer and invasion in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Pilot Study. Report, Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council. 80pp. Dawson. E. Y. 1950. A review of Ceramium along the Pacific coast of North America with special reference to its Mexican representatives. Farlowia 4: 113-138. DeWreede, R. E. 1996. The impact of seaweed introductions on biodiversity. Global Biodiversity 6: 2-9. Fletcher, R. L. 1987. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 3. Fucophyceae (Phaeophyceae). Part 1. British Museum (Natural History), London. 359 pp. Gabrielson, P. W., R. F. Scagel, and T. B. Widdowson. 1989. Keys to the benthic marine algae and seagrasses of British Columbia, southeast Alaska, Washington and Oregon. Phycological Contribution Number 4. Dept. of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. vi+187 pp. Guiry, R. 1998. An internet accessible “taxonomic database” on “seaweeds” (primarily of Europe). http://seaweed.ucg.ie.
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page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
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