Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

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Chapt 10. Biodiversity, page 10- 1 Chapter 10. Biodiversity of Prince William Sound Nora Foster, University of Alaska Museum Howard M. Feder, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks 10A. Summary Basic taxonomic, biogeographic, and habitat information for 1876 species of marine plants and animals of Prince William Sound were compiled into structured data sets. This species inventory is intended as a baseline from which biodiversity responses to future environmental changes can be assessed measured. The data sets include 39 possibly undescribed species, 89 range extensions, and 17 nonindigenous species. Two hundred thirty-one marine plant species, mostly algae, are present. Twenty invertebrate phyla are represented, and Annelida, Mollusca, and Crustacea account for over 60% of the invertebrates. Vertebrates include 175 fish, 14 mammal, and 113 bird species. The fauna and flora of Prince William Sound is a mixture of species with biogeographic affinities that overlap the northeastern and northwestern Pacific as well as the Arctic and Atlantic regions. 10B. Purpose A single inventory of Prince William Sound biodiversity is currently lacking. This gap in taxonomic and biogeographic knowledge is an impediment to efforts to monitor environmental change, to understand the diversity of plant and animal life and to clarify biogeographic relationships among the living organisms in the rich waters of Prince William Sound and the adjacent shelf of the northern Gulf of Alaska. (Hines et al. 2000) The purpose of this report is to compile a database for the plant and animal species of Prince William Sound. The project is one component of a research project on potential introductions of nonindigenous species into Prince William Sound, especially through the discharge of ballast water from oil tankers traveling into Port Valdez. Annotated species lists were developed for the project to help taxonomic experts establish a current baseline for the status of nonindigenous species in Prince William (Hines et al. 2000). Working versions of the data sets were compiled by M. Fry and expanded by N. Foster with assistance by M. Hoberg, and review by K. Coyle (zooplankton), J. Goddard (opisthobranch gastropods), J. Kudenov (polychaete annelids), G. Lambert (urochordates), P. Lambert (echinoderms), C. Mecklenberg (fishes), C. Mills (Cnidaria and Ctenophora), J. Norenburg (nemerteans) and others. Additional polychaete identifications were accomplished for this report by J. Kudenov. The draft versions of the data sets were included in the final project report (Hines et al. 2000). 10C. Scope Taxonomic The data sets list free-living macrophytes and animals . Protists and most endoparasites are outside the scope of the project. Geographic Prince William Sound waters are well-defined We have used literature and collecting records from Port Bainbridge east to Orca Inlet, and south and east to the outer coasts of
Chapt 10. Biodiversity, page 10- 2 Montague and Hinchinbrook islands. However, for some taxa, (e.g. Bryozoa), the fauna of adjacent areas (northeastern Gulf of Alaska and Kodiak Island waters) are better documented and some records for those areas are included. Migratory birds and marine mammals that inhabit Prince William Sound waters seasonally are included in the data set. Planktonic Cnidaria and Crustacea from the northern Gulf of Alaska listed in the data sets occur in Prince William Sound rarely, with their presence dependent on oceanographic conditions. 10D. Methods Literature sources A large number of species included in the data sets are based on their listing in the environmental surveys of the Gulf of Alaska, Prince William Sound, and Port Valdez in the late 1970’s and early 80’s. We compiled species lists from Cooney et al. (1973) and Cooney and Coyle (1988):plankton, Feder et al. (1976):sediments, Feder and Bryson-Schwafel (1988):the intertidal zone, Feder and Jewett(1987):subtidal benthos, Feder and Keiser (1980):intertidal biology, Feder and Matheke (1980):benthic infauna, Feder et al. (1979):benthos of Resurrection and Aialik bays, Feder and Paul (1973):the intertidal zone, Feder and Paul (1980):Cook Inlet, Hoberg (1986):benthic infauna, Jewett and Feder (1977):Port Valdez, and Rogers et al. (1986):nearshore fishes. Species names from field guides and taxonomic revisions of characteristic northeastern Pacific taxa have been added, for example Banse and Hobson (1968) (benthic errantiate polychaetes), Barnard (1969) (gammaridean amphipods), Butler (1980) (shrimp), Coan et al. (2000) (bivalve mollusks), Dick and Ross (1988) (Bryozoa), Lambert (1981, 1997) (sea stars and sea cucumbers), and Schultz (1969) (isopods). For detailed information on the geographical ranges, we have relied on the same taxonomic revisions and regional publications. However, this information in a consistent format has been difficult to obtain for many species. When specific reference to a species’ occurrence in Prince William Sound was not available, we used Austin (1985). We have also deleted inaccurate records that have crept into the literature, and have made changes in nomenclature based on reviews and taxonomic revisions accomplished after the environmental surveys mentioned above. Biogeographic analyses presented here use conventions based on a global system developed by the World Conservation Union and described in Kelleher et al. (1995) (Figures 10.1 and 10.2). The biogeographic summaries are based on numbers of species for which we have confident identifications, leaving out unidentified or undescribed species. Some of the analyses exclude birds, because the migratory habits of some species fit poorly into the bioregional classification used for algae, invertebrates and fishes.
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page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
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