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Chapt 4. Predicting Initial Survival of Ballast Water Organisms, page 4- 4 Nine combinations of three temperatures (3, 9, and 15 o C) and three salinities (10, 20, and 30 ppt) were selected to represent the seasonal range of conditions for Port Valdez. Organisms used in the experiments are collected from the common species of plankton arriving in tanker ballast water. For each experiment, 10 individuals were placed in each of 3 replicate culture dishes at each of the 9 treatment combinations. Thus, there were 27 trials in each experiment (9 treatments x 3 replicates). The test organisms were sorted in the lab and transferred directly to culture dishes maintained in incubators for 96 hrs, simulating release of ballast water into conditions of the Sound. Phytoplankton or brine shrimp nauplii were supplied as food to the cultures during the test period. Experiments (n = 24) were completed with organisms from the following taxonomic categories: Tintinnid protistan Nemertean worm larvae Spionid polychaete worm larvae Gastropod veliger larvae Copepods calanoid harpacticoid cyclopoid (Oithona spp.) Barnacle nauplii Crab zoea Mysid shrimp 1 experiment 2 experiments 3 experiments 1 experiment 4 experiments 1 experiment 6 experiments 3 experiments 1 experiment 2 experiments Nine of these were "freshwater taxa" and 15 were "seawater taxa". We intentionally selected copepods especially Oithona spp., for many of our experiments, because we recognized these as NIS arriving in apparently good condition from San Francisco Bay. 4C2. Results Short-term survivorship of these ballast water organisms was high (>50%) for fresh water taxa at 10 ppt, and for seawater taxa at 20-30 ppt. These short-term experiments also showed that the ballast organisms had distinct, but quite broad tolerances that clearly overlap conditions of temperature and salinities in Port Valdez. For example, although there was considerable variation in survivorship among individual experiments, mean survivorship of calanoid copepods varied from about 20-80% for each test salinity, but survivorship of calanoids in most experiments increased with salinity (Fig. 4.3). Oithona spp. (which include known NIS copepods) were able to tolerate salinity-temperature conditions they would encounter in the receiving waters of Port Valdez. The freshwater and seawater taxa differed substantially in their patterns of temperature x salinity tolerance (Fig. 4.3). The survivorship of seawater taxa at any of the 3 test temperatures generally increased with increasing salinity, and there were not great differences in survivorship among temperatures. However, survivorship of freshwater taxa at all temperatures generally declined sharply with increasing salinity, and survivorship at 3 o C was markedly lower than at 9 or 15 o C.
Chapt 4. Predicting Initial Survival of Ballast Water Organisms, page 4- 5 4D. Conclusions Planktonic species arriving to Port Valdez in ballast water have high potential of surviving the salinity-temperature conditions that they encounter during initial discharge from the ship. Although some taxa will not tolerate some salinity layers in the seasonally stratified conditions in the Port, the overlap of ballast water with Port conditions at some strata is high. Plankton in the ballast water, including known NIS such as Oithona spp., should be able to tolerate these conditions. Conditions other than initial salinity-temperature combinations probably determine whether or not these organisms survive to become established within Prince William Sound.
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page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
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page iii • Stephan Benda, Valdez
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page v • From an industry and man
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