Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

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Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys, page 9D- 5 Table 9D.2. continued AL CH GR HO MI SE VA WH CORD FRMNT PTOPT TAT Bryozoa Membranipora menbrenacea x cont. Membranipora sp. x x Microporella germana x Parasmittina trispinosa x Phidolopora pacifica x x Porella major x x Rhamphostomella gigantea x Rhamphostomella hincksi x * Schizoporella "unicornis" x Tegella armifera x Tegella aquilirostris x Tubulipora tuba x x x Tubulipora sp. x AL CH GR HO MI SE VA WH CORD FRMNT PTOPT TAT Echino- Psolus sp. x dermata Strongylocentrotus sp. x x AL CH GR HO MI SE VA WH CORD FRMNT PTOPT TAT Ascidia Ascidia sp. x Ascidia callosa x x x Ascidia columbiana x x x * Botrylloides violaceus x Corella sp. x x x Corella inflata x x x x Corella willmariana x x Distaplia sp. (new) x x Distaplia alaskensis x x Molgula retortiformis x Molgula sp. x x Ritterella sp. x x x Styela truncata x Among these species, there were 3 NIS: the ascidean Botrylloides violaceus, the bryozoan Schizoporella unicornis, and the hydroid Garvieia franciscana. These are the first records for two of these species (B. violaceus and G. franciscana) in Alaska. Botrylloides violaceus (=Botryllus aurantius is a colonial tunicate that is native to the northwest Pacific (Japan), and may have been first found on the West Coast in 1973, in San Francisco Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It is now widespread, from southern California to British Columbia (Cohen et al. 1998; Lambert and Lambert 1998). B. violaceus was abundant on fouling plates in Prince William Sound in 1999 (G. Lambert 1999 pers. comm.). Schizoporella unicornis is a bryozoan found in the northwest Pacific but was first collected in the Eastern Pacific in 1927, in Puget Sound (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995). Its first Alaska collection was made between 1944 and 1949, in Kodiak (U. S. Navy 1951; Carlton, pers. comm.). Schizoporella unicornis may have been introduced in ship fouling or with plantings of Pacific Oysters (Cohen and Carlton 1995). In 1999, it was found in Tatilek. This form, while definitely introduced to the Pacific coast, may actually be a complex of several species (Winston 1999 pers. comm.). Garveia franciscana (Rope Grass Hydroid) has been found in many estuaries around the world, but its origin is uncertain. The Indo-Pacific and the Black--Caspian Sea basin have been suggested as possible native regions (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Calder 1997 pers. comm.) It was first described from San Francisco Bay in 1902, which was its only known location on the west coast of North America (Cohen and Carlton 1995), until we found it near Homer in 1999 (Lea-Anne Henry
Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys, page 9D- 6 pers. comm. 1999). In other regions of the world, this hydroid has been an economically important fouling organism, adversely affecting ships, power plants and fishing gear (Simkina 1963; Andrews 1973; McLean 1972). In addition, fouling plates at Homer and Cordova had large biomasses of the new/undescribed ascidian, Distaplia sp. nov, which has many suspicious characteristics of NIS. Diastaplia sp. nov. is a new, undescribed species of tunicate, which is very abundant in fouling communities on floats and man-made substrates in marinas at Homer and Cordova. It was first collected in 1998 in Homer and was found in both Homer and Cordova in 1999. It was not found at other sites within Prince William Sound where other, native species of tunicate were common in fouling communities but lack similar shipping/boating traffic (e.g., Tatitlek, Chenega, Port Chalmers). Its appearance is also suspicious, because it was not found in 1901 when tunicates were collected in the region at nearby sites. This tunicate could be a formerly rare native species that has taken advantage of the newly created marina habitat, or a recent introduction (G. Lambert 1999 pers. comm.). Fouling communities on the plates suspended at 1m depth were greatly diminished at Seward, Whittier and Port Valdez during the summer, when snow and glacial melt produced markedly low salinities in the surface waters and also thick sediment deposits that covered the plates. Fouling plate arrays at 3 m depth in these locations experienced higher salinities, but still suffered from heavy sediment deposits. It was evident, however, that these plates had developed rich fouling communities prior to the summer season of greatest freshwater runoff and siltation. Species composition of fouling communities on the experimental plates were generally quite similar to the composition on surrounding surfaces (floats, pilings, lines, oysters, etc) at comparable tidal levels. Since the arrays were suspended below mean low water, the main groups of specie s that the plates did not sample adequately were species on pilings in the intertidal zone, such as Balanus glandula, Semibalanus balanoides, and various species of acmaeid limpets.
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page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
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page iii • Stephan Benda, Valdez
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page v • From an industry and man
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page vii • The magnitude of seaso
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page ix • The voyage duration of
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page xi microscopes for the study.
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page xiii 9C9. Echinoderms 9C9-1 9C
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Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
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Chapt 9B. NIS Surveys: Rapid Commun
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Appendix Table 9C4.5. Continued Cha
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Appendix Table 9C4.7. UAF unidentif
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