Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

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Chapt 7. Organisms Fouling Hulls and Sea Chests, page 7- 3 Table 7.1. Organisms from hulls and sea chests of two oil tankers in dry dock (* = NIS). S/R Baytown S/R Benicia Diatomacea Cnidaria Protozoa Garveia franciscana * Folliculina sp. Crustacea, Cirripedia Cnidaria Balanus sp. Garveia franciscana * Crustacea, Amphipoda Cordylophora caspia * Corophium sp. Hydroid – unident sp. Mollusca, Bivalvia Bryozoa Mytilus sp. Bowerbankia sp. Pisces Canopeum sp. Morone saxatilis * Victorella sp. Sardinopsis sagax Nemertea Unidentified sp. Nematoda Unidentified spp. Polychaeta Ophellidae, unidentified sp. Polydora sp. Nereis sp Crustacea/Copepoda Harpacticoida, unidentified sp. Cyclopoida, unidentified sp. Crustacea/Amphipoda Gammaridae, unidentified sp. Corophium sp. Crustacea/Isopoda Unidentified sp. Crustacea/Brachyura Unidentified sp. Mollusca, Bivalvia Musculista senhousia * Mytilus sp. Algae Ulva sp.
Chapt. 8. Summary of NIS, page 8- 1 Chapter 8. Summary of NIS in Prince William Sound and Alaska Anson H. Hines, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Paul W. Fofonoff, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 8A. Purpose To summarize our knowledge of marine NIS in Prince William Sound specifically and Alaska generally, we extracted information obtained from the literature, our field surveys, focal taxonomic research by systematists, and analysis of existing specimens in museum and reference collections (see detailed reports in Chapt 9). Because prior ecological and systematic work in Alaska has not focused on NIS, we also wish to establish a baseline for the status of NIS in Alaskan waters, against which future introductions may be measured. We partitioned the species records into 5 categories: (1) Definite & probable NIS, along with particularly suspicious cryptogenic species; (2) Cryptogenic species; (3) New, undescribed species discovered by this study. (4) Species with range extensions into south central Alaska discovered by this study; and (5) Species that were reported/suspected as NIS, but which we dismissed upon further analysis. The sudden appearance of apparently new or undescribed species in an ecosystem is often a good indicator of a biological invasion. Similarly, analysis of species’ range extensions is an important tool in detecting NIS, which may be introduced from distant biogeographic provinces or from adjoining provinces. However, where the native biota is as poorly studied as in Alaska, it may be difficult to distinguish NIS from native species that are new to science, or from new records of species within their normal range. Discovery of undescribed species and range extensions needs to be evaluated in the context of other indicators of biological invasions, such as association with sites of human activities and particular transport mechanisms. Thus, designating species as native or NIS requires a series of graded criteria (see Methods below), but the origin of many species may remain unknown, i.e., “cryptogenic”. These cryptogenic species may be further categorized into species that have particular, suspicious attributes in some criteria, or species that have not received adequate research to evaluate their origin. In other cases, species initially may be designated or suspected as NIS, but further consideration by experts may refute the initial concern. 8B. Methods The graded criteria (derived from J.T. Carlton, e.g., Carlton 1979a, Chapman & Carlton 1991) used to determine whether each species in our database is introduced, native, or cryptogenic are described below. "Cryptogenic species" cannot be identified clearly as native or introduced, and thus have unknown origin (Carlton 1996). In Alaska, the marine biota in many groups have received little systematic and biogeographic analysis, and a large portion of species in these groups may be cryptogenic in origin due to lack of study without particular suspicions of invasive characteristics. Further discussion of criteria for identifying species as introductions are given in Chapman (1988), Chapman and Carlton (1991) and Eno (1996). Often a single criterion is not sufficient to designate a species as being introduced, but combinations of several factors
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