Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys, page 9D- 1 9D. Fouling Community Surveys Anson H. Hines, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 9D1. Purpose Fouling communities in many bays, harbors and estuaries are frequently invaded by NIS associated with shipping traffic (Cohen & Carlton 1995, Hewitt 1993, Coles et al. 1999). Fouling communities have major impact on ships and floating structures, ranging from buoys and floats to aquaculture pens and nets, as well as surfaces of oysters and mussels themselves. Consequently, fouling communities are well-studied in many parts of the world, but they have received little study in Alaskan waters. We conducted surveys of fouling communities in Prince William Sound, Seward and Homer using experimental fouling plates. The use of fouling plates provides a replicated standardized assay for NIS in a community that is prone to invasions, but which has received little prior ecological analysis in Alaska. We also surveyed fouling communities on floats, pilings, and buoys to compare these substrates with our experimental plates. 9D2. Methods We conducted two surveys that focused on fouling communities that settled on natural surfaces and experimental plates, which we deployed in earlier spring months at an array of sites in Homer, Seward and Prince William Sound. We sampled these fouling plates in 7-17 September 1998 and in 8-16 August 1999. The team for the fouling community surveys consisted of: • Greg Ruiz (SERC), molluscs, parasites, fouling communities; • Anson Hines (SERC), barnacles and decapod crustaceans; • James Carlton (Mystic Seaport), marine/estuarine invertebrates and global NIS • Melissa Frey (SERC); technical and field assistance • George Smith (SERC); technical and field assistance • Lea Ann Henry (University of Ontario), hydroid identifications; • Judy Winston (Virginia Museum of Natural History), bryozoan identifications. We deployed arrays of fouling plates at 12 locations, including 2 on the Kenai Peninsula (Homer, Seward) and 10 in Prince William Sound (Table 9D.1). At each site we deployed 5 arrays suspended at depths of either 1 meter (3 arrays) or 3 meters (2 arrays) below mean low water level. Each array consisted of settling plates attached to a frame made of 2 crossed pieces of pvc pipe (20 mm diameter, 50 cm long), which was suspended in a horizontal position by a line attached to a dock or float and weighted by a concrete block. Settling plates made of 14 cm x 14 cm x 7 mm thick pvc (3 plates) or plywood (1 plate) were attached to each of the 4 ends of the cross in a horizontal position. The horizontal orientation assured that sediment would not accumulate on the underside, providing a clean surface addition to several irregular surfaces of the frame and top surfaces for settlement. To maximize the chance of detecting possible NIS within each site, the 5 arrays were dispersed as widely as possible to sample the range of microhabitats present. We deployed the plates during April-May of each year and retrieved them in August-September, providing a “soak time” of about 4 months.
Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys, page 9D- 2 Table 9D.1. Sampling Locations for Fouling Community Surveys. Site 1998 1999 Kenai Sites Homer X X Seward X X Prince William Sound Port Valdez Marine Terminal X X Valdez Area X X Growler Island X Whittier X Chenega X Port Chalmers X Fairmont Bay X Tatitlek Oyster Culture X Docks X Cordova X At the time of retrieving the arrays, the fouling plates were removed from their frame and placed individually into ziplock plastic bags for transport to a laboratory. Each plate was examined under a dissecting microscope and sessile and motile species were scored as present or absent. Voucher specimens were preserved and sent to taxonomic experts for authoritative identification. At the present stage of this project, we have used the fouling plates to develop an inventory of species. However, using this technique, the occurrence and abundance of species can be quantified and compared statistically for frequency of plates with species present. This type of comparison will proceed in new work during 2000 and 2001 as we sample other locations in Alaska and the major ports of western North America along the lower 48 states. 9D3. Results During the soak time of ca. 4 months, the fouling plates accumulated dense community assemblages with large biomasses of mussels, barnacles, ascidians, hydroids, and bryozoans (Table 9.D.2). The fouling communities were rich in species, particularly for bryozoans, hydroids, nudibranchs, and ascidians Combining the 2 years of study across the12 sampling locations, we recorded more than 107 taxa/species on the fouling plates (Table 9D.2), including: 8 families of polychaete worms, 13 species of acidians, 34 species of bryozoans, 1 species of sea anemone, 3 species of barnacle and 13 taxa of motile crustacea, 2 species of echinoderms, 12 species of hydroids, 29+ taxa of molluscs, and 1 species of protozoan. Diversity of hydroids was particularly high at Homer (11 species). Byozoans were most diverse at Chenega (10 species), Homer (13 species), Port Valdez (14 species), and Tatilek (13 species). Acidians were most diverse at Homer (6 species) and Cordova (6 species).
Page 1 and 2:
page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
Page 3 and 4:
page iii • Stephan Benda, Valdez
Page 5 and 6:
page v • From an industry and man
Page 7 and 8:
page vii • The magnitude of seaso
Page 9 and 10:
page ix • The voyage duration of
Page 11 and 12:
page xi microscopes for the study.
Page 13 and 14:
page xiii 9C9. Echinoderms 9C9-1 9C
Page 15 and 16:
Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 2 pa
Page 17 and 18:
Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 4 co
Page 19 and 20:
Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 6 79
Page 21 and 22:
Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 8 pr
Page 23 and 24:
Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 10 R
Page 25 and 26:
Chapt 2. Ballast Water Delivery Pat
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Chapt 3. Biological Characteristics
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Chapt 4. Predicting Initial Surviva
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Chapt 5 Ballast Water Exchange Expe
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Chapt 6. Organisms in Sediments of
Page 75 and 76:
Chapt 6. Organisms in Sediments of
Page 77 and 78:
Chapt 7. Organisms Fouling Hulls an
Page 79 and 80:
Chapt. 8. Summary of NIS, page 8- 1
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Chapt 9B. NIS Surveys: Rapid Commun
Page 115 and 116:
Chapt 9C1. Marine Plants, page 9C1-
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Chapt 9C2. Planktonic Cnidaria, Cte
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Chapt 9C3. Polychaete Worms, page 9
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Chapt 9C4. Peracaridan Crustaceans,
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix Table 9C4.5. Continued Cha
Page 207 and 208: Appendix Table 9C4.7. UAF unidentif
Page 209 and 210: Chapt 9C4. Peracaridan Crustaceans,
Page 221 and 222: Chapt 9C5. Copepod Crustaceans, pag
Page 229 and 230: Chapt 9C6 Decapod Crustaceans, page
Page 231 and 232: Chapt 9C7. Shelled Molluscs, page 9
Page 241 and 242: Chapt 9C8. Opisthobranch Molluscs,
Page 249 and 250: Chapt 9C9. Echinoderms, page 9C9- 2
Page 251 and 252: Chapt 9C10. Ascidians, page 9C10- 2
Page 257: Chapt 9C10. Ascidians, page 9C10- 8
Page 261 and 262: Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys
Page 263 and 264: Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys
Page 265 and 266: Chapt 9E. Museum, Reference and Vou
Page 273 and 274: Chapt 10. Biodiversity, page 10- 2
Page 309 and 310:
Chapt 10. Biodiversity, page 10- 38
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
show all

Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?