Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

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Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 1 Chapter 1. Introduction Anson H. Hines, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 1A. Project Goals The overall goal of this project was to assess the risk of biological invasion by nonindigenous species (NIS) introduced into Port Valdez / Prince William Sound, Alaska. Currently, ballast water is the major vector for introductions of NIS in coastal ecosystems, where ballast-mediated biological invasions are causing severe ecological and economic impacts. While the significance of ballast-mediated invasions has focused on temperate zone ports, little consideration has been given to NIS invasions at high latitudes, despite the volume of shipping and critical importance of certain cold-water ports to the world economy and especially US energy interests. Port Valdez is a high latitude-cold water port receiving the third largest annual volume of ballast water in the USA. Moreover, our recent review of NIS invasions at high latitude (Ruiz & Hines 1997) indicates that such cold water ecosystems have been invaded by a diverse array of marine and estuarine species. The specific objectives of the project were: • To analyze the delivery patterns, biological characteristics, and management practices of ballast water and other ships arriving to Port Valdez from coast-wise versus foreign voyages. • To assess viability of selected organisms arriving in tanker ballast water to Port Valdez. • To conduct experiments on the effectiveness of ballast water exchange procedures of tankers. • To evaluate organisms occurring in entrained sediments at the bottom of ballast tanks of crude oil tankers. • To evaluate fouling organisms on hulls and in sea chests of tankers as potential sources of NIS. • To analyze and search for NIS currently invading or already established in coastal waters of south central Alaska, using literature searches, an array of field sampling methods (field collections, fouling plates, and plankton sampling), and examination of existing preserved samples from Prince William Sound. The purpose of this report is to summarize the research conducted during 1997-1999 to assess the risk of biological invasions in Prince William Sound, especially with regard to oil tankers as a vector for transporting NIS into marine ecosystems. Progress during the project was reported in Ruiz & Hines, 1997 and Hines et al., 1998. Modified elements of the earlier reports are included in the present report, so as to provide a complete overview of the project within one document. Certain limited elements of research will be completed during 2000, including further analysis of existing collections at the University of Alaska Museum and Institute of Marine Sciences, and work-up of sample from ballast water exchange experiments conducted during summer 1999. These last elements will be reported separately upon completion. 1B. Structure & History of Project This research project has built upon a Pilot Study conducted in 1997 (see Ruiz & Hines, 1997), and includes an expanded scope of work conducted during 1998-1999. The multi-faceted approach to the research required a team of diverse CoPrincipal Investigators and subcontracted taxonomic experts. Drs. Anson Hines and Gregory Ruiz (SERC) have served as over-all project leaders, providing over-all administrative and scientific oversight for the team. In addition, Drs. Ruiz and Hines (SERC) had primary responsibilities for: analysis of ballast water delivery
Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 2 patterns; biological characteristics of ballast water; experimental analysis of initial survival of ballast water organisms; ballast water exchange experiments; analysis of ballast tank sediments and tanker hull fouling; fouling community analysis, and management of most of the focal taxonomic studies; as well many aspects of field surveys of Prince William Sound. To sample and analyze ballast water of tankers arriving to Port Valez, two Biological Technicians (Melissa Frey and George Smith, of SERC) alternately rotated at about four month intervals between SERC’s temporary laboratory established in Valdez, Alaska and the SERC Biological Invasions Laboratory in Edgewater, Maryland. Ballast water exchange experiments were conducted with participation by several technicians and students from the SERC Biological Invasions Laboratory (see Acknowledgments). Co-PIs Nora Foster (UAF) and Dr. Howard Feder (UAF) had primary responsibility for analysis of existing samples in museum, reference and voucher collections in the UA Museum and UAF Institute of Marine Science. Nora Foster also participated actively in rapid community assessment surveys of Prince William Sound, and focal taxonomic analysis of molluscs. Dr. Howard Feder provided oversight to subcontracted focal taxonomic analysis of polychaetes. CoPI Dr. John Chapman (OSU) had primary responsibility to conduct rapid community assessment surveys of invertebrates of Prince William Sound, with focal taxonomic analysis of pericaridean crustaceans. CoPI Dr. Gayle Hansen (OSU) had primary responsibility for focal taxonomic field surveys of marine plants (especially macro-algae) of Prince William Sound. Dr. James Carlton (Mystic Seaport, Williams College) had primary responsibility for surveys of fouling communities of Prince William Sound. In addition, an array of systematic experts was subcontracted to analyze several focal taxonomic groups (see Chapter 9 below). Authorship of the chapters and subsections of this report indicate primary responsibilities for each major element. Throughout the 1997 Pilot Study and the 1998-1999 expanded phase, the project received guidance and comment from the Alaska NIS Working Group, which was organized by the RCAC of Prince William Sound and composed of academic scientists, resource managers from state and federal agencies, representatives of the oil and shipping industries, and concerned citizens of Alaska (see also Acknowledgments). Initial funding for the Pilot Study was provided by PWS RCAC, US Fish & Wildlife Service, and the US Coast Guard (Ruiz & Hines, 1997). Expanded research for the present project was extended with a proposal submitted in 1997 to the National Sea Grant Program, with co-funding from RCAC, USF&WS, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, and in-kind support from the oil shipping companies (especially ARCO Marine, BP and SeaRiver Maritime). Funds awarded from the National Sea Grant Program were distributed to the Oregon Sea Grant Program for John Chapman at Hatfield Marine Science Center and to Alaska Sea Grant Program for Nora Foster and Howard Feder at University of Alaska Fairbanks and UA Museum. However, funding from Alaska Sea Grant was delayed for one year, so that funding was actually available beginning in 1999 and will carry through 2000. In 1998 SERC obtained supplemental funding from the American Petroleum Institute, supported by ARCO Marine and SeaRiver Maritime, to conduct ballast water exchange experiments on tankers. SERC also received further funding from USF&WS for these ballast water exchange experiments during 1999 through a proposal submitted to the National Sea Grant Program. The work plan for the ballast water exchange experiments specifies that sample processing and analysis continue into 2000. SERC’s technical staff worked in close coordination with the shipping agents, masters, officers and crews of the oil tankers, and with Alyeska staff of the Valdez Marine Terminal. All
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Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
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Chapt 9B. NIS Surveys: Rapid Commun
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