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Chapt. 8. Summary of NIS, page 8- 2 increase the probability of an accurate reconstruction of introductions and invasions. In several cases, we have indicated cryptogenic species that have some suspicious characteristics of NIS. • Paleontological - NIS are absent from fossil record even though they are present in other locations; native species are found locally as recent fossils; cryptogentic species are not in the local fossil record, but they are not reliably fossilized generally. • Archeological - NIS are absent from shell middens and other archeological deposits; native species are in local deposits; cryptogenic species would not be expected to be found in archeological deposits. • Historical - NIS are not recorded by direct observation at early periods, especially by trained naturalists, but suddenly appear where trained observers did not find them previously; native species are recorded in the earliest observations of trained observers; cryptogenic species are species that were not studied by early trained observers. • Biogeographic - NIS exhibit grossly disjunct patterns of distribution (we took care to evaluate artifacts of the distribution of biologists/taxonomists); native species have continuous geographic ranges which include Alaska/Prince William Sound or other high latitudes; cryptogenic species have poorly known distributions or "cosmopolitan" distributions. • Ecological - NIS have habitats in close association with other NIS (co-evolved species; specialized predator-prey, commensal or host-parasite relations); native species are closely associated with other native species; cryptogenic species are more generalized, lacking close, specialized association with other species. • Dispersal Mechanisms - NIS presence cannot be plausibly explained by natural dispersal mechanisms and have documented human-mediated mechanisms which could effect their distributions; native species have natural dispersal mechanisms and lack known human-mediated mechanisms of introduction; cryptogenic species have both natural and human-mediated mechanisms of dispersal that could account for their distribution. • Evolutionary/Genetic - NIS have isozyme or DNA frequencies which match distant proposed source populations and are significantly different from adjacent natural populations; native species have population genetics which blend with adjacent natural populations; cryptogenic species have not been studied with molecular techniques. We also researched all published and anecdotal reports of NIS or range extensions of species that we were able to find in the scientific and informed popular literature for the region. We use these reports interactively with our field and museum work, both to direct our field surveys and re-examination of existing collections, and to determine the history of suspicious species that we collected in the field. 8C. Results A diverse array of 24 species of plants and animals has been introduced into Alaskan waters, with 15 of these species being recorded in Prince William Sound (Table 8.1; see also Species Notes below). Of these definite/probableNIS, we collected 12 species in our Focal Taxonomic Analyses (Chapt 9), including 5 species of algae (Ceramium sinicola, Croodactylon ramosum, Fucus cottoni, Macrocystis integrifolia, Codium fragile tomentosoides), 1 species of sponge (Cliona thosina), 1 hydroid at Homer (Garveia franciscana),1 polychaete worm (Heteromastus filiformis), 2 molluscs (Mya arenaria, Crassostrea gigas), 1 bryozoan (Schizoporella unicornis), and 1 tunicate (Botrylloides violaceus). Our findings include 7 “first
Chapt. 8. Summary of NIS, page 8- 3 TABLE 8.1 Definite/Probable NIS for Alaska * Found by this project Species Common Name Probable AK Regions Date 1st Invasion Population Ecological References Region of Origin Record Status Status Impacts Rhodophyta * Ceramium sinicola a red alga NE Pacific (CA) Prince William Sound 1998 Probable Established Fouling Hansen 1998 * Chroodactylon ramosum a red alga NW Pacific Prince William Sound 1998 Probable Established Fouling Hansen 1998 Phaeophyta * Fucus cottoni (=muscoides) Probable Established Unknown Hansen 1998; South and a rockweed NE Atlantic Prince William Sound; Kenai Peninsula Tittley 1986 * Macrocystis integrifolia a kelp NE Pacific (SE AK) Prince William Sound 1979 Definite Not reproducing NIS vector Hansen 1998 * Microspongium globosum a brown alga NW Pacific Prince William Sound 1998 Probable Established Fouling Hansen 1998 Sargassum muticum Chlorophyta Japanese brown alga NW Pacific SE Alaska
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page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
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page iii • Stephan Benda, Valdez
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page xi microscopes for the study.
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page xiii 9C9. Echinoderms 9C9-1 9C
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