Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

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Chapt 2. Ballast Water Delivery Patterns, page 2- 7 each year from oil tankers arriving to the Alyeska terminal. Although most of this water is released in Port Valdez, ships will sometimes begin discharging upon entering Prince William Sound en route for the Port. Thus, organisms released with this ballast water may experience a broader range of conditions outside of Port Valdez than we had originally considered. The total volume of ballast water delivered to Prince William Sound by tankers greatly exceeds the estimated quantity of ballast water arriving to other western U.S. ports (Carlton et al. 1995). However, it is important to recognize that existing estimates for the other ports have included only the ballast water from foreign sources. In contrast, our estimates for Prince William Sound included both foreign and domestic sources, but were dominated by the latter. The amount of domestic ballast water released in other U.S. ports is only now being estimated. Nonetheless, even when we can include data on domestic sources for all ports, it appears likely that the total volume of ballast water released to PWS will still exceed that for the other western ports, due to the absence of extensive domestic tanker and bulker traffic (i.e., those vessels that discharge the greatest quantities of ballast water) at the other ports. Instead, the domestic traffic for other western U.S. ports is dominated by container ships, which release relatively small amounts of ballast water (Carlton et al. 1995; National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse, unpubl. data). The total amount of ballast water arriving to Prince William Sound in tankers is also relatively large on a global scale. Within the U.S., PWS is third only to Chesapeake Bay and New Orleans in estimated ballast water discharge for 1991 (Carlton et al. 1995, Smith et al. 1999). In a similar estimate of ballast water discharged to 46 Australian ports in 1991, only that for the port of Dampier exceeded the volume for PWS (Kerr 1994). As above, estimates for the both the U.S. and Australian ports were restricted to arrivals from foreign ports. Although these totals would clearly increase when including domestic arrivals, the overall patterns provide a useful context, suggesting PWS is on the extreme end of the spectrum for amount of ballast water discharge. It is also important to recognize the present level of tanker activity, and the magnitude of ballast water delivery, as a recent development in Port Valdez. The terminal began transporting oil via tankers in 1977. Based upon the arrivals rate and discharge volumes observed in this decade, we estimate over 700 million m 3 of segregated ballast water have been delivered over the past 3 decades of operation. This large cumulative volume underscores the potential importance of ballast water as a vector for the transfer of species. Unlike many other commercial ports, however, the volume of ballast water prior to oil exportation was virtually absent, as very few other vessels currently deliver ballast water to the Port (Ruiz et al., unpubl. data). Furthermore, the foreign export of oil from Port Valdez has only occurred since 1996, following authorization by U.S. Congress. Prior to this time, all oil export was only to domestic U.S. ports, which were therefore the source of ballast water delivery to PWS and Port Valdez. Although tankers now export oil to foreign ports from PWS, the delivery of ballast water from foreign traffic remains a small fraction (
Chapt 2. Ballast Water Delivery Patterns, page 2- 8 2E. References Carlton, J.T., D. Reid and H. van Leeuwen. 1995. The role of shipping in the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic organisms to the coastal waters of the United States (other than the Great Lakes) and an analysis of control options. Report to U.S. Coast Guard, Marine Environment Protection Division, Washington, DC. 215 pp. Kerr, S. 1994. Ballast water ports and shipping study. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Report No. 5, Canberra. Ruiz, G.M. and A.H. Hines. 1997. Patterns of nonindigenous species transfer and invasion in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Pilot Study. Report Submitted to the Prince William Sound Citizens’ Advisory Council. 80pp. Smith, L.D., M.J. Wonham, L.D. MCann, D.M. Reid, G.M. Ruiz and J.T. Carlton. 1996. Biological invasions by nonindigenous species in United States waters: Quantifying the role of ballast water and sediments. Parts I and II. Final Report to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Department of Transportation. 246 pp. Smith, L.D., M.J. Wonham, L.D. McCann, G.M. Ruiz, A.H. Hines and J.T. Carlton. 1999. Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biol. Invasions 1: 67-87.
Page 1 and 2: page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
Page 3 and 4: page iii • Stephan Benda, Valdez
Page 5 and 6: page v • From an industry and man
Page 7 and 8: page vii • The magnitude of seaso
Page 9 and 10: page ix • The voyage duration of
Page 11 and 12: page xi microscopes for the study.
Page 13 and 14: page xiii 9C9. Echinoderms 9C9-1 9C
Page 15 and 16: Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 2 pa
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Page 33 and 34: Chapt 3. Biological Characteristics
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Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
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Chapt 9B. NIS Surveys: Rapid Commun
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Appendix Table 9C4.5. Continued Cha
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Chapt 9C9. Echinoderms, page 9C9- 2
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Chapt 9C10. Ascidians, page 9C10- 2
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Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys
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Chapt 10. Biodiversity, page 10- 2
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