Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapt 3. Biological Characteristics of Ballast Water, page 3- 27 Ruiz, G.M., P. Fofonoff and A.H. Hines. 1999. Non-indigenous species as stressors in estuarine and marine communities: Assessing invasion impacts and interactions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 950-972. Smith, L.D., M.J. Wonham, L.D. MCann, D.M. Reid, G.M. Ruiz and J.T. Carlton. 1996. Biological invasions by nonindigenous species in United States waters: Quantifying the role of ballast water and sediments. Parts I and II. Final Report to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Department of Transportation. 246 pp. Smith, L.D., M.J. Wonham, L.D. McCann, G.M. Ruiz, A.H. Hines and J.T. Carlton. 1999. Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biol. Invasions 1: 67-87. Wonham. M.J., W.C. Walton, A.M. Frese and G.M. Ruiz. 1996. Transoceanic transport of ballast water: Biological and physical dynamics of ballasted communities and the effectiveness of mid-ocean exchange. Final Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Compton Foundation.
Chapt 4. Predicting Initial Survival of Ballast Water Organisms, page 4- 1 Chapter 4. Predicting Initial Survival of Ballast Water Organisms Anson H. Hines, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center George Smith, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Melissa Frey, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 4A. Purpose When ballast water is discharged into the receiving waters, the associated plankton encounters new conditions without time to acclimate. Survival may depend on short-term tolerances to accute variation in salinity-temperature combinations. If temperature-salinity conditions of ballast water closely match those of the receiving waters, then initial survival is predicted to be higher than when the conditions do not match closely. To determine if NIS arriving in ballast water can survive the initial exposure to temperature-salinity conditions in Prince William Sound, we tested the match of conditions between ballast water and ship-side water, and the short-term survival of ballast organisms in representative combinations. 4B. Temperature & Salinity: Match of Source and Receiving Ports 4B1. Methods Samples of ballast water were collected from segregated ballast tanks and from ambient waters adjacent to each ship sampled for ballast water plankton. A small niskin bottle lowered through hatch covers into the ballast tanks and lowered off the end of the ship’s berth to collect samples from the water surface and 10 m depth, which was determined to be below a potential thermocline or pycnocline. Salinity was determined to the nearest ppt with a refractometer and temperature to the nearest 0.5 o C with a hand-held thermometer. 4B2. Results Temperature and salinity of the receiving waters of Port Valdez exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern (Fig. 4.1a, b). Water temperatures of Port Valdez at 10 m depth cycle seasonally from a low of 4 o C in February to a high of 13 o C in July. Surface water temperatures are more variable and 1-5 o C warmer than deep water in the spring. Salinity during December to April was about 31 ppt and the water column was well mixed. Water in Port Valdez was sharply stratified by depth as snow melted from late April to September, with salinities of surface waters dropping to 4-15 ppt while salinities at 10m depth declined only to about 25 ppt. Water in the segregated ballast tanks rarely exhibited much depth stratification. Temperatures of segregated ballast water varied seasonally with a winter mean low of about 7.5 o C (+-3 o C) and a summer high of about 16 o C (+-3 o C) (Fig. 4.1c). Salinities of ballast water did not exhibit a seasonal pattern, but salinities fell into two distinct ranges, depending on the source port of the tanker (Fig. 4.1d). Most tankers delivered high salinity ballast water (ca. 30 ppt, range 20-36 ppt). In contrast, about 20% of the tankers throughout the year released ballast water of low salinity (ca. 4 ppt, range 0-14 ppt, mainly from Benicia in San Francisco Bay, especially during the heavy El Niño rains in 1998).
Page 1 and 2:
page i BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF COLD
Page 3 and 4:
page iii • Stephan Benda, Valdez
Page 5 and 6:
page v • From an industry and man
Page 7 and 8: page vii • The magnitude of seaso
Page 9 and 10: page ix • The voyage duration of
Page 11 and 12: page xi microscopes for the study.
Page 13 and 14: page xiii 9C9. Echinoderms 9C9-1 9C
Page 15 and 16: Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 2 pa
Page 17 and 18: Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 4 co
Page 19 and 20: Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 6 79
Page 21 and 22: Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 8 pr
Page 23 and 24: Chapt 1. Introduction, page 1- 10 R
Page 25 and 26: Chapt 2. Ballast Water Delivery Pat
Page 33 and 34: Chapt 3. Biological Characteristics
Page 57: Chapt 3. Biological Characteristics
Page 61 and 62: Chapt 4. Predicting Initial Surviva
Page 63 and 64: Chapt 4. Predicting Initial Surviva
Page 65 and 66: Chapt 5 Ballast Water Exchange Expe
Page 73 and 74: Chapt 6. Organisms in Sediments of
Page 75 and 76: Chapt 6. Organisms in Sediments of
Page 77 and 78: Chapt 7. Organisms Fouling Hulls an
Page 79 and 80: Chapt. 8. Summary of NIS, page 8- 1
Page 105 and 106: Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
Page 107 and 108: Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
Page 109 and 110:
Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
Page 111 and 112:
Chapt 9A. Overview of NIS Surveys,
Page 113 and 114:
Chapt 9B. NIS Surveys: Rapid Commun
Page 115 and 116:
Chapt 9C1. Marine Plants, page 9C1-
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Chapt 9C2. Planktonic Cnidaria, Cte
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Chapt 9C3. Polychaete Worms, page 9
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Chapt 9C4. Peracaridan Crustaceans,
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix Table 9C4.5. Continued Cha
Page 207 and 208:
Appendix Table 9C4.7. UAF unidentif
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Chapt 9C5. Copepod Crustaceans, pag
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Chapt 9C6 Decapod Crustaceans, page
Page 231 and 232:
Chapt 9C7. Shelled Molluscs, page 9
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Chapt 9C8. Opisthobranch Molluscs,
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Chapt 9C9. Echinoderms, page 9C9- 2
Page 251 and 252:
Chapt 9C10. Ascidians, page 9C10- 2
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Chapt 9D. Fouling Community Surveys
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Chapt 9E. Museum, Reference and Vou
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Chapt 10. Biodiversity, page 10- 2
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
show all

Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems - Aquatic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?