Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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system is used to ensure safe ignition, even when large volumes are discharged. One patented solution is a "ballistic ignition" system which fires burning pellets into the flare gas flow. 8.5 Instrument air A large volume of compressed air is required for control of pneumatic valves and actuators, tools and purging of cabinets. It is produced by electrically driven screw compressors and further treated to be free of particles, oil and water. 8.6 HVAC The heat, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) feeds conditioned air to the equipment and accommodation rooms, etc. Cooling and heating is achieved by water-cooled or water/steam-heated heat exchangers. Heat may also be taken from gas turbine exhaust. In tropical and sub-tropical areas, cooling is achieved by compressor refrigeration units. In tropical areas, gas turbine inlet air must be cooled to achieve sufficient efficiency and performance. The HVAC system is usually delivered as one package, and may also include air emissions cleaning. Some HVAC subsystems include: • Cool: cooling medium, refrigeration system, freezing system • Heat: heat medium system, hot oil system One function is to provide air to equipment rooms that are secured by positive pressure. This prevents potential influx of explosive gases in case of a leak. 8.7 Water systems 8.7.1 Potable water For smaller installations, potable water can be brought in by supply vessels or tank trucks. Photo: Lenntech Water treatment and air purification Holding B.V. For larger facilities, it is provided on site by 120
desalination of seawater though distillation or reverse filtering. Onshore potable water is provided by purification of water from above or below ground reservoirs. Reverse filtering or osmosis requires a membrane driving pressure of about 7000 kPa/1 PSI of pressure per 100 ppm of solids dissolved in the water. For seawater with 3.5% salt, 2.5 MPa, 350 PSI is required. 8.7.2 Seawater Seawater is used extensively for cooling purposes. Cold water is provided to air compressor coolers, gas coolers, main generators and HVAC. In addition, seawater is used for the production of hypochlorite (see chemicals) and for fire water. Seawater is treated with hypochlorite to prevent microbiological growth in process equipment and piping. Seawater is sometimes used for reservoir water injection. In this case, a deaerator is used to reduce oxygen in the water before injection. Oxygen can cause microbiological growth in the reservoir. The deaerator is designed to use strip gas and vacuum. 8.7.3 Ballast water Ballast systems are found on drilling rigs, floating production ships, rigs and tension leg platforms (TLP). The object is to keep the platform level at a certain depth under varying conditions, such as mode of operation (stationary drilling, movement), climatic conditions (elevation of rig during storms), amount of product in storage tanks, and to adjust loading on TLP tension members. Ballasting is accomplished by means of ballast tanks, pumps and valves, which are used in combination with position measuring instruments and tension force meters (TLP) to achieve the desired ballasting. If fresh water is produced, it can be used as ballast to avoid salt water. Additionally, if ballast water has become contaminated from oil tanks, it must be cleaned before discharge at sea. 8.8 Chemicals and additives A wide range of chemical additives are used in the main process. Some of these are marked in the process diagram. The cost of process chemical additives is considerable. A typical example is antifoam, where a concentration of about 150 ppm is used. With a production of 40,000 bpd, about 2,000 liters (500 gallons) of antifoam can be used. At a cost of 2 € per 121
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
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PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
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For gas gathering systems, it is co
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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
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for the operation of the pipeline.
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Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
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particular crude is merely a measur
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3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
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each different parts of the structu
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around 4.5 MPa. During production,
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well from caving in and to help in
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well to add multiple completions to
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Variable flow choke valve. The vari
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motor drives a reciprocating beam,
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The cycle starts with the plunger f
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4 The upstream oil and gas process
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The desired setting for each well a
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Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
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The environmental regulations in mo
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Heat exchangers of various forms ar
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• Reciprocating compressors, whic
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Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
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4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
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Gas metering is less accurate than
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5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
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o o Acid gas has a high content of
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5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
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5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
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5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78: pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80: LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82: Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84: The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86: 6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88: 3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90: Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92: Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94: 2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96: 7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98: products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104: appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114: to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116: PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118: P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124: numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126: training facilities are often conne
Page 127: Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 131 and 132: Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134: · Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136: 9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138: eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140: after well completion and fracturin
Page 141 and 142: gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144: 9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146: and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147 and 148: The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150: 10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152: 11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154: MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156: 12 References Web online sources an
Page 157 and 158: cumene ............................
Page 159 and 160: polybutadiene .....................
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