Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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4.3 Gas treatment and compression The gas train consists of several stages, each taking gas from a suitable pressure level in the production separator's gas outlet, and from the previous stage. A typical stage is shown on the right. Incoming gas (on the right) is first cooled in a heat exchanger. It then passes through the scrubber to remove liquids and goes into the compressor. The anti-surge loop (thin orange line) and the surge valve (UV0121 23) allow the gas to recirculate. The components are described below. 4.3.1 Heat exchangers For the compressor to operate efficiently, gas temperature should be low. The lower the temperature, the less energy will be used to compress the gas for the given final pressure and temperature. However, both gas from separators and compressed gas are relatively hot. When gas is compressed, it must remain in thermodynamic balance, which means that the gas pressure times the volume over the temperature (PV/T) must remain constant. (PV = nkT). This ends up as a temperature increase. 48
Heat exchangers of various forms are used to cool the gas. Plate heat exchangers (upper picture) consist of a number of plates where the gas and cooling medium pass between alternating plates in opposing directions. Tube and shell exchangers (next picture) place tubes inside a shell filled with cooling fluid. The cooling fluid is often pure water with corrosion inhibitors. When designing the process, it is important to plan the thermal energy balance. Heat should be conserved, e.g., by using the cooling fluid from the gas train to reheat oil in the oil train. Excess heat is dispersed, e.g., by seawater cooling. However, hot seawater is extremely corrosive, so materials with high resistance to corrosion, such as titanium must be used. Photo: SEC Shell and Tube Heat Exchanges 4.3.2 Scrubbers and reboilers The separated gas may contain mist and other liquid droplets. Drops of water and hydrocarbons also form when the gas is cooled in the heat exchanger, and must be removed before it reaches the compressor. If liquid droplets enter the compressor, they will erode the fast rotating blades. A scrubber is designed to remove small fractions of liquid from the gas. There are various types of gas-drying equipment available, but the most common suction (compressor) scrubber is based on dehydration by absorption in triethylene glycol (TEG). The scrubber consists of many levels of glycol layers. A large number of gas traps (enlarged detail) force the gas to bubble up through each glycol layer as it flows from the bottom to the top of each section. Processed glycol is pumped in at the top from the holding tank. It flows from level to level against the gas flow as it spills over the edge of each trap. 49
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
Page 3:
PREFACE This handbook has been comp
Page 6 and 7: 4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
Page 8 and 9: 9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
Page 10 and 11: arrels per day in October, 1861, an
Page 12 and 13: 2 Facilities and processes The oil
Page 14 and 15: Although there is a wide range of s
Page 16 and 17: day GOSP. Product is sent from the
Page 18 and 19: FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
Page 20 and 21: water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
Page 22 and 23: For gas gathering systems, it is co
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
Page 26 and 27: for the operation of the pipeline.
Page 28 and 29: Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
Page 30 and 31: particular crude is merely a measur
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
Page 34 and 35: each different parts of the structu
Page 36 and 37: around 4.5 MPa. During production,
Page 38 and 39: well from caving in and to help in
Page 40 and 41: well to add multiple completions to
Page 42 and 43: Variable flow choke valve. The vari
Page 44 and 45: motor drives a reciprocating beam,
Page 46 and 47: The cycle starts with the plunger f
Page 48: 4 The upstream oil and gas process
Page 51 and 52: The desired setting for each well a
Page 53 and 54: Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
Page 55: The environmental regulations in mo
Page 59 and 60: • Reciprocating compressors, whic
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
Page 65 and 66: Gas metering is less accurate than
Page 67 and 68: 5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
Page 69 and 70: o o Acid gas has a high content of
Page 71 and 72: 5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
Page 73 and 74: 5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
Page 75 and 76: 5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78: pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80: LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82: Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84: The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86: 6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88: 3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90: Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92: Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94: 2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96: 7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98: products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104: appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108:
terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
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• Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112:
• Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114:
to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116:
PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118:
P&ID 109
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system by means of the available co
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• Flowline control to stabilize m
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numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126:
training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128:
Therefore use of large variable spe
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desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132:
Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134:
· Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136:
9 Unconventional and conventional r
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eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
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after well completion and fracturin
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gas - combined. However, research i
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9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
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and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
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The main contribution to sea level
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10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152:
11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
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MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
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12 References Web online sources an
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cumene ............................
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polybutadiene .....................
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