Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility systems are systems which do not handle the hydrocarbon process flow, but provide some service to the main process safety or residents. Depending on the location of the installation, many such functions may be available from nearby infrastructure, such as electricity. Many remote installations are fully self-sustaining and must generate their own power, water, etc. 2.4 Midstream The midstream part of the value chain is often defined as gas plants, LNG production and regasification, and oil and gas pipeline transport systems. 2.4.1 Gas Plants Gas processing consists of separating the various hydrocarbons and fluids from the pure natural gas to produce what is known as “pipeline quality” dry natural gas. Major transportation pipelines usually impose restrictions on the makeup of natural gas that is allowed into the pipeline. Before the natural gas can be transported it must be purified. Figure 3. Midstream facilities Whatever the source of the 16
natural gas, once separated from crude oil (if present) it commonly exists in mixtures with other hydrocarbons, principally ethane, propane, butane and pentanes. In addition, raw natural gas contains water vapor, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen and other compounds. Associated hydrocarbons, known as “natural gas liquids” (NGL), are used as raw materials for oil refineries or petrochemical plants and as sources of energy. 2.4.1 Gas compression Gas from a pure natural gas wellhead might have sufficient pressure to feed directly into a pipeline transport system. Gas from separators has generally lost so much pressure that it must be recompressed to be transported. Turbinedriven compressors gain their energy by using a small proportion of the natural gas that they compress. The turbine itself serves to operate a centrifugal compressor, which contains a type of fan that compresses and pumps the natural gas through the pipeline. Some compressor stations are operated by using an electric motor to turn the centrifugal compressor. This type of compression does not require the use of any natural gas from the pipe; however, it does require a reliable source of electricity nearby. The compression includes a large section of associated equipment such as scrubbers (to remove liquid droplets) and heat exchangers, lube oil treatment, etc. 2.4.2 Pipelines Pipelines can measure anywhere from 6 to 48 inches (15-120 cm) in diameter. In order to ensure their efficient and safe operation, operators routinely inspect their pipelines for corrosion and defects. This is done with sophisticated pieces of equipment known as “pigs.” Pigs are intelligent robotic devices that are propelled down pipelines to evaluate the interior of the pipe. Pigs can test pipe thickness, roundness, check for signs of corrosion, detect minute leaks, and any other defect along the interior of the pipeline that may either restrict the flow of gas, or pose a potential safety risk 17
Page 1 and 2: Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
Page 3: PREFACE This handbook has been comp
Page 6 and 7: 4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
Page 8 and 9: 9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
Page 10 and 11: arrels per day in October, 1861, an
Page 12 and 13: 2 Facilities and processes The oil
Page 14 and 15: Although there is a wide range of s
Page 16 and 17: day GOSP. Product is sent from the
Page 18 and 19: FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
Page 20 and 21: water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
Page 22 and 23: For gas gathering systems, it is co
Page 26 and 27: for the operation of the pipeline.
Page 28 and 29: Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
Page 30 and 31: particular crude is merely a measur
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
Page 34 and 35: each different parts of the structu
Page 36 and 37: around 4.5 MPa. During production,
Page 38 and 39: well from caving in and to help in
Page 40 and 41: well to add multiple completions to
Page 42 and 43: Variable flow choke valve. The vari
Page 44 and 45: motor drives a reciprocating beam,
Page 46 and 47: The cycle starts with the plunger f
Page 48: 4 The upstream oil and gas process
Page 51 and 52: The desired setting for each well a
Page 53 and 54: Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
Page 55 and 56: The environmental regulations in mo
Page 57 and 58: Heat exchangers of various forms ar
Page 59 and 60: • Reciprocating compressors, whic
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
Page 65 and 66: Gas metering is less accurate than
Page 67 and 68: 5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
Page 69 and 70: o o Acid gas has a high content of
Page 71 and 72: 5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
Page 73 and 74: 5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
Page 75 and 76:
5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78:
pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80:
LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82:
Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84:
The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86:
6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88:
3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92:
Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94:
2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96:
7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98:
products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100:
formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102:
chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104:
appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106:
ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108:
terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110:
• Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112:
• Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114:
to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116:
PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118:
P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120:
system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122:
• Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124:
numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126:
training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128:
Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130:
desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132:
Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134:
· Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136:
9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138:
eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140:
after well completion and fracturin
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gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144:
9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146:
and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147 and 148:
The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150:
10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152:
11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154:
MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156:
12 References Web online sources an
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cumene ............................
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polybutadiene .....................
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