Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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Product specific gravity, API grades Product Liters Per Ton API Specific Barrels per (metric) Grade Gravity (kg/m3) Ton At 60°F LPG 1835 10 1000 6.29 Jet A-1 1254 18 934 6.73 Gasoline 1353 25 904 6.98 premium/super Gasoline regular 1418 30 876 7.19 Kerosene 1273 33 860 7.33 Gas oil 1177 36 845 7.46 Diesel fuel 1159 39 830 7.60 Fuel oil 80 CST 1065 42 816 7.73 Fuel oil 180 CST 1050 50 780 8.06 Fuel oil 230 CST 1047 Fuel oil 280 CST 1044 Bitumen 979 CO2 Emissions from burning of coal and hydrocarbons Product Average CO 2 kg CO 2 kg Other unit Carbon No per kg Per kWh Methane 1 2,75 0,178 1,92 kg CO 2 / scm Gasoline 8 3,09 0,241 2,28 kg CO 2 / liter Diesel 12 3,11 0,249 2,68 kg CO 2 / liter Fuel oil 25 3,12 0,268 3,97 kg CO 2 / liter Coal 1 3,67 0,325 142
11 Glossary of terms and acronyms ABS AC AGA AO API BPA BTX CAPEX CCR CDU CMMS CMS CNG CPF CSP DC DEA DEGBE DEGBEA DETA DPGEE DPGME DYNPOS E&P EDTA EG EGBE EGBEA EO EOR EPA EPS ESD ESP ETBE Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Alternating current American Gas Association Asset optimization American Petroleum Institute Bisphenol A Benzene, toluene and xylenes Capital Expenses (Invested capital) Central control room Crude Oil Distillation Unit Computerized maintenance management system Condition monitoring systems Compressed natural gas Central processing facility Collector and separation platform Direct current Diethanolamine Diethylene glycol butyl ether Diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate Diethylenetriamine Dipropylene glycol ethyl ether. Dipropylene glycol methyl ether. Dynamic positioning (of rigs and ships) Exploration and production Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol butyl ether Ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate Ethylene oxide Enhanced oil recovery (new technology, cf IOR) Propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate Expanded polystyrene Emergency shutdown system Electric submerged pump Ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether 143
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
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PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
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For gas gathering systems, it is co
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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
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for the operation of the pipeline.
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Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
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particular crude is merely a measur
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3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
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each different parts of the structu
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around 4.5 MPa. During production,
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well from caving in and to help in
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well to add multiple completions to
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Variable flow choke valve. The vari
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motor drives a reciprocating beam,
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The cycle starts with the plunger f
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4 The upstream oil and gas process
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The desired setting for each well a
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Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
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The environmental regulations in mo
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Heat exchangers of various forms ar
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• Reciprocating compressors, whic
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Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
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4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
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Gas metering is less accurate than
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5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
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o o Acid gas has a high content of
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5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
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5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
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5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
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pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
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LNG carriers are used when the tran
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Typical LNG train power use is abou
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The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
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6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
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3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
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Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
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Distillate hydrotreater units desul
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2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
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7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
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products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104: appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
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Page 115 and 116: PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118: P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124: numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126: training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128: Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130: desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132: Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134: · Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136: 9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138: eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140: after well completion and fracturin
Page 141 and 142: gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144: 9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146: and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147 and 148: The main contribution to sea level
Page 149: 10 Units Some common units used in
Page 153 and 154: MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156: 12 References Web online sources an
Page 157 and 158: cumene ............................
Page 159 and 160: polybutadiene .....................
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