Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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The inlet gas to the compressor is precooled by the acid gas removed. Cryogenic removal is most often used when the content of carbon dioxide is high, typically around 50%. Membrane based removal is based on certain materials that allow the acid gases, but not the hydrocarbons, to diffuse through the membrane. This procedure can be performed alone or in combination with absorption liquid. Sulfur Unit. The H2S-rich stripped gas stream is then fed to a Claus process – a multistage process with two main sections: A thermal section fires H 2 S with air or oxygen to produce SO 2 and elemental sulfur, which is released when cooled. A catalytic section allows more H 2 S to react with SO 2 with alumina or titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) to produce water and elemental sulfur (the Claus reaction: 2H 2 S + SO 2 → 3S + 2H 2 O). The Claus process can recover 95-97% of the sulfur in the feed gases. A tail gas treatment unit serves to reduce the sulfur content to below 250 ppm, corresponding to a total sulfur recovery of 99.9%. More complex solutions can reduce total sulfur down to 10 ppm. Some important processes include SCOT (Shell Claus offgas treatment) which removes SO 2 by combustion with hydrogen over catalysts to produce H 2 S and water. H 2 S is recycled to the Claus unit. Other solutions are the Beavon sulfur removal process (BSR), based on amine solvent and catalysts. 5.3.2 Dehydration Dehydration is either glycol-based scrubbers as described in chapter 4.3.2 or based on pressure swing adsorption (PSA). Newer processes also use membranes. 5.3.3 Mercury removal Mercury removal is generally based on molecular sieves. A molecular sieve is a substance containing a material with tiny pores to achieve a large surface area, such as activated carbon. The surface of the material allows certain molecules to bind by surface tension. The molecules can later be extracted and the sieve material regenerated by heating, pressure and/or purging with a carrier gas. A molecular sieve is commonly cyclic with one active unit and one (or more) units in regeneration. 64
5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive nitrogen is removed by cryogenic distillation and higher concentrations are removed by absorption with lean oil or another special solvent if a smaller fraction is detected. (See acid gas removal for both principles). Cryogenic removal also permits production of helium, if present, as a valuable byproduct. 5.3.5 NGL recovery and treatment Remaining NGLs are recovered from the gas stream in most modern plants by a cryogenic turbo expander-based process followed by a fractionating process. This process leads the cooled NGLs though distillation columns called de-ethanizer, de-propanizer and de-butanizer, to extract ethane, propane and butane respectively and leave a residual stream of pentane and higher hydrocarbons. The final step is to remove mercaptans (smelly organic gases, e.g., CH 3 SH) if present, in a sweetening process based on molecular sieves adsorption or catalytic oxidization such as Merox mercaptan oxidization or Sulfrex, where the main difference is the type of catalyst. 5.3.6 Sales gas specifications The exact sales gas specification is specified by pipeline operators and distributors. Typical standard sales gas requirements use the following parameters: Volume is measured in standard cubic meters (scm) defined as 1 m 3 at 0 ºC and 101.325 kPa or standard cubic feet (scf) as 1 ft 3 at 60 °F (16 °C) and 14.73 PSIA. Calorific value specifies the total amount of energy per unit generated during combustion of the gas. The value is used to calculate the amount of energy delivered. Several values are listed: • Gross calorific value or gross heat of combustion is the heat released when a specific quantity of fuel in mixture with air is ignited and the end products have returned to the initial temperature, normally 25 ºC. EU specifications are typically 38.8 MJ (10.8 kWh) ±5% per scm. In the US 1030 BTU ±5% per scf. • Net calorific value or net heat of combustion is the net heat generated when the water vapor in the gas does not condense (water forms during combustion) and can be 10% lower. 65
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
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PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
Page 22 and 23: For gas gathering systems, it is co
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
Page 26 and 27: for the operation of the pipeline.
Page 28 and 29: Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
Page 30 and 31: particular crude is merely a measur
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
Page 34 and 35: each different parts of the structu
Page 36 and 37: around 4.5 MPa. During production,
Page 38 and 39: well from caving in and to help in
Page 40 and 41: well to add multiple completions to
Page 42 and 43: Variable flow choke valve. The vari
Page 44 and 45: motor drives a reciprocating beam,
Page 46 and 47: The cycle starts with the plunger f
Page 48: 4 The upstream oil and gas process
Page 51 and 52: The desired setting for each well a
Page 53 and 54: Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
Page 55 and 56: The environmental regulations in mo
Page 57 and 58: Heat exchangers of various forms ar
Page 59 and 60: • Reciprocating compressors, whic
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
Page 65 and 66: Gas metering is less accurate than
Page 67 and 68: 5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
Page 69 and 70: o o Acid gas has a high content of
Page 71: 5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
Page 75 and 76: 5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78: pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80: LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82: Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84: The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86: 6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88: 3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90: Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92: Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94: 2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96: 7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98: products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104: appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114: to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116: PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118: P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
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numerical or computed variables are
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training facilities are often conne
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Therefore use of large variable spe
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desalination of seawater though dis
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Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
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· Mandatory radio system · Securi
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9 Unconventional and conventional r
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eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
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after well completion and fracturin
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gas - combined. However, research i
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9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
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and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
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The main contribution to sea level
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10 Units Some common units used in
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11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
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MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
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12 References Web online sources an
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cumene ............................
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polybutadiene .....................
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