Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. Their main advantage is that they are a standalone structure that does not need external infrastructure such as pipelines or storage. Crude oil is offloaded to a shuttle tanker at regular intervals, from days to weeks, depending on production and storage capacity. FPSOs currently produce from around 10,000 to 200,000 barrels per day. An FPSO is typically a tanker type hull or barge, often converted from an existing crude oil tanker (VLCC or ULCC). Due to the increasing sea depth for new fields, they dominate new offshore field development at more than 100 meters water depth. The wellheads or subsea risers from the sea bottom are located on a central or bow-mounted turret, so that the ship can rotate freely to point into wind, waves or current. The turret has wire rope and chain connections to several anchors (position mooring - POSMOOR), or it can be dynamically positioned using thrusters (dynamic positioning – DYNPOS). Most installations use subsea wells. The main process is placed on the deck, while the hull is used for storage and offloading to a shuttle tanker. It may also be used for the transportation of pipelines. FPSOs with additional processing and systems, such as drilling and production and stranded gas LNG production are planned. 10
A variation of the FPSO is the Sevan Marine design. This uses a circular hull which shows the same profile to wind, waves and current, regardless of direction. It shares many of the characteristics of the ship-shaped FPSO, such as high storage capacity and deck load, but does not rotate and therefore does not need a rotating turret. Photo: Sevan Marine Tension Leg Platform (TLP – left side in picture) consists of a structure held in place by vertical tendons connected to the sea floor by pile-secured templates. The structure is held in a fixed position by tensioned tendons, which provide for use of the TLP in a broad water depth range up to about 2,000m. The tendons are constructed as hollow high tensile strength steel pipes that carry the spare buoyancy of the structure and ensure limited vertical motion. Semi-submersible platforms (front of picture) have a similar design but without taut mooring. This permits more lateral and vertical motion and is generally used with flexible risers and subsea wells. Similarly, Seastar platforms are miniature floating tension leg platforms, much like the semisubmersible type, with tensioned tendons. SPAR consists of a single tall floating cylindrical hull, supporting a fixed deck. The cylinder does not, however, extend all the way to the seabed. Rather, it is tethered to the bottom by a series of cables and lines. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. SPARs can be quite large and are used for 11
Page 1 and 2: Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
Page 3: PREFACE This handbook has been comp
Page 6 and 7: 4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
Page 8 and 9: 9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
Page 10 and 11: arrels per day in October, 1861, an
Page 12 and 13: 2 Facilities and processes The oil
Page 14 and 15: Although there is a wide range of s
Page 16 and 17: day GOSP. Product is sent from the
Page 20 and 21: water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
Page 22 and 23: For gas gathering systems, it is co
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
Page 26 and 27: for the operation of the pipeline.
Page 28 and 29: Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
Page 30 and 31: particular crude is merely a measur
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
Page 34 and 35: each different parts of the structu
Page 36 and 37: around 4.5 MPa. During production,
Page 38 and 39: well from caving in and to help in
Page 40 and 41: well to add multiple completions to
Page 42 and 43: Variable flow choke valve. The vari
Page 44 and 45: motor drives a reciprocating beam,
Page 46 and 47: The cycle starts with the plunger f
Page 48: 4 The upstream oil and gas process
Page 51 and 52: The desired setting for each well a
Page 53 and 54: Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
Page 55 and 56: The environmental regulations in mo
Page 57 and 58: Heat exchangers of various forms ar
Page 59 and 60: • Reciprocating compressors, whic
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
Page 65 and 66: Gas metering is less accurate than
Page 67 and 68: 5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
Page 69 and 70:
o o Acid gas has a high content of
Page 71 and 72:
5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
Page 73 and 74:
5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
Page 75 and 76:
5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78:
pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80:
LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82:
Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84:
The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86:
6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88:
3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92:
Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94:
2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96:
7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98:
products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100:
formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102:
chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104:
appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106:
ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108:
terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110:
• Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112:
• Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114:
to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116:
PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118:
P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120:
system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122:
• Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124:
numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126:
training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128:
Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130:
desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132:
Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134:
· Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136:
9 Unconventional and conventional r
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eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
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after well completion and fracturin
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gas - combined. However, research i
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9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
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and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
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The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150:
10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152:
11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154:
MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156:
12 References Web online sources an
Page 157 and 158:
cumene ............................
Page 159 and 160:
polybutadiene .....................
Page 161 and 162:
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