Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ............................................................ 42
4.1.2 Production, test and injection manifolds ............................. 42
4.2 Separation ................................................................................... 43
4.2.1 Test separators and well test .............................................. 43
4.2.2 Production separators ......................................................... 43
4.2.3 Second stage separator ...................................................... 45
4.2.4 Third stage separator .......................................................... 45
4.2.5 Coalescer ............................................................................ 46
4.2.6 Electrostatic desalter .......................................................... 46
4.2.7 Water treatment .................................................................. 46
4.3 Gas treatment and compression ................................................. 48
4.3.1 Heat exchangers ................................................................. 48
4.3.2 Scrubbers and reboilers ...................................................... 49
4.3.3 Compressors, anti-surge and performance ........................ 50
4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering and export ................................... 55
4.4.1 Fiscal metering .................................................................... 55
4.4.2 Storage ............................................................................... 57
4.4.3 Marine loading .................................................................... 58
5 Midstream facilities ............................................................................... 59
5.1 Gathering ..................................................................................... 59
5.2 Gas plants ................................................................................... 59
5.2.1 Gas composition ................................................................. 59
5.3 Gas processing ............................................................................ 62
5.3.1 Acid gas removal ................................................................ 63
5.3.2 Dehydration ......................................................................... 64
5.3.3 Mercury removal ................................................................. 64
5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection ................................................................ 65
5.3.5 NGL recovery and treatment .............................................. 65
5.3.6 Sales gas specifications ..................................................... 65
5.4 Pipelines ...................................................................................... 67
5.4.1 Pipeline terminal ................................................................. 67
5.4.2 Gas Pipelines, compressor and valve stations ................... 67
5.4.3 Liquid pipelines, pump and valve stations .......................... 68
5.4.4 Pipeline management, control and safety .......................... 69
5.5 LNG ............................................................................................. 70
5.5.1 LNG liquefaction ................................................................. 71
5.5.2 Storage, transport and regasification .................................. 76
6 Refining ................................................................................................ 77
6.1 Fractional distillation .................................................................... 77
6.2 Basic products ............................................................................. 78
6.3 Upgrading and advanced processes ........................................... 80
6.4 Blending and distribution ............................................................. 85
7 Petrochemical ....................................................................................... 87
II