Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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13 Index ABS ..................................... 92, 95 absorption ................................. 63 acid gas ..................................... 61 acid gas removal ....................... 63 acronyms ................................ 143 acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene . 92, 95 actuator ................................... 101 additives .................................... 86 adsorbtion ................................. 63 alkanes ...................................... 21 alkyd resins ............................... 90 alkylates .................................... 84 alkylation unit ............................ 83 amine gas treater ...................... 84 Ammonia ................................... 99 anti surge ............................ 48, 53 antifoam .................................. 122 API .................................. 141, 142 API grade .................................. 21 aromatic petrochemicals ........... 87 aromatics ............................ 21, 88 Aromatics .................................. 19 artificial lift ................................. 35 Asphalt ...................................... 80 asset optimization ................... 113 atmospheric distillation .............. 82 atmospheric ventilation ........... 119 auto-refrigeration ....................... 76 axial compressor .................... 51 ballast systems ....................... 121 Barrel....................................... 141 beam pump ............................... 35 biocides ................................... 123 biofuels .................................... 133 Bitumen ..................................... 80 blending .................................... 85 Block valve stations ............ 68, 69 blow out ..................................... 28 blow-down ......................... 45, 119 Bunker....................................... 80 butadiene .................................. 96 butylenes .................................. 96 calorific value ............................ 65 carbon capture ........................ 140 carbon number .......................... 22 casing........................................ 29 catalytic reformer unit ............... 82 cause and affect chart ............ 106 CCR ........................................ 102 Central Control Room ............. 102 centrifugal compressors ........ 52 chemical additives .................. 121 choke valve ............................... 34 christmas tree ........................... 32 Claus process ........................... 84 CNG .......................................... 61 CO 2 ......................................... 136 coal ......................................... 131 coal bed methane ................... 130 coalescer .................................. 46 co-distribution ........................... 85 coiled tubing .............................. 39 coke .......................................... 80 coking unit ................................. 83 communication systems ......... 125 completion ................................ 31 compliant towers ......................... 9 compressor ............................... 50 condensate ......................... 24, 61 condition monitoring ................ 114 cone bit ..................................... 26 control valves .......................... 100 controller ................................. 101 coriolis massflow ....................... 56 corrosion inhibitor ................... 124 crude oil .................................... 21 cryogenic removal ..................... 63 148
cumene .................................... 95 custody transfer .................. 15, 55 DEA ........................................... 93 deluge ..................................... 107 depressurisation ...................... 119 derrick ....................................... 26 dew point ................................... 66 diesel ......................................... 23 Diesel oil ................................... 79 dimerization ............................... 84 dimethyl terephthalate............ 98 directional drilling ...................... 27 distillate hydrotreater ................. 83 distribution ................................. 85 DMT .......................................... 98 downhole pump ......................... 36 drag reducers .......................... 124 Drake .......................................... 1 drawworks ................................. 26 drill string ................................... 26 drilling ........................................ 26 dry gas ...................................... 60 electric power .......................... 117 emergency shutdown .............. 105 emissions ................................ 135 emulsion breaker .................... 122 energy efficiency ..................... 139 environmental impact .............. 136 Epoxy resin ............................... 91 ESD ......................................... 105 ESP ........................................... 36 ethanol .............................. 93, 133 ethanolamines ........................... 93 Exploration .................................. 4 explosive hazard ..................... 102 F&G ......................................... 108 facilities ....................................... 5 FCC ........................................... 83 fieldbus .................................... 101 fire and gas system ................. 107 fire area ................................... 107 fire damper .............................. 107 fire detection ........................... 107 149 firefighting ............................... 107 Fischer–Tropsch process . 98, 131 flare ......................................... 119 flash-drum ................................. 45 floating production ...................... 9 fluid catalytic cracker ................ 83 FPSO ........................................ 10 fractional distillation .................. 77 fracturing ................................... 39 free flowing well ........................ 35 Fuel oil ...................................... 80 functional safety ...................... 103 gas ............................................ 23 gas compression ....................... 17 gas detection .......................... 107 gas oil separation plant (GOSP) . 7 Gas Plants ................................ 16 Gas to Liquids ......................... 132 gas volume ............................... 65 gasoline .............................. 23, 79 gathering ................................... 13 glycol ................................. 50, 123 gravity base ................................ 9 greenhouse gas ...................... 136 HAZID ..................................... 103 HAZOP ................................... 103 HDPE ........................................ 94 heat exchanger ......................... 48 heavy crude ............................ 128 HIPPS ....................................... 70 history ......................................... 1 horizontal tree ........................... 34 horizontal well ........................... 27 HVAC ...................................... 120 hydrocracker ............................. 83 hydrocyclone ............................. 47 hydrogen ................................. 135 hydrogen sulfide ....................... 66 hypochlorite ............................ 123 information management system ............................................ 115 injection wells ............................ 35 instrument air .......................... 120
Page 1 and 2:
Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
Page 3:
PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
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For gas gathering systems, it is co
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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
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for the operation of the pipeline.
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Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
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particular crude is merely a measur
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3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
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each different parts of the structu
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around 4.5 MPa. During production,
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well from caving in and to help in
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well to add multiple completions to
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Variable flow choke valve. The vari
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motor drives a reciprocating beam,
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The cycle starts with the plunger f
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4 The upstream oil and gas process
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The desired setting for each well a
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Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
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The environmental regulations in mo
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Heat exchangers of various forms ar
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• Reciprocating compressors, whic
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Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
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4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
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Gas metering is less accurate than
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5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
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o o Acid gas has a high content of
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5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
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5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
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5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
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pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
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LNG carriers are used when the tran
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Typical LNG train power use is abou
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The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
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6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
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3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
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Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
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Distillate hydrotreater units desul
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2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
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7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
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products. Almost all aromatics come
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formed into molded products. Nylon
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chains with only two, three or four
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appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114: to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116: PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118: P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124: numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126: training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128: Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130: desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132: Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134: · Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136: 9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138: eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140: after well completion and fracturin
Page 141 and 142: gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144: 9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146: and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147 and 148: The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150: 10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152: 11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154: MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155: 12 References Web online sources an
Page 159 and 160: polybutadiene .....................
Page 161 and 162: 153
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