Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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Capturing CO2 can be done at large point sites, such as large fossil fuel or biomass energy facilities, industries with major CO 2 emissions, natural gas processing, synthetic fuel plants and fossil fuel-based hydrogen production plants: Overall there are three types of processes: • Pre-combustion systems, where the fuel is gasified and processed before combustion, and carbon dioxide can be removed from a relatively pure exhaust stream. • Post-combustion systems, where carbon dioxide is extracted from the flue gas, e.g., using an amine process. • Oxyfuel consumption, where fuel is burned as relatively pure oxygen, so the hydrocarbon is burned in oxygen instead of air. This produces a flue gas consisting of only carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is cooled and condensed. For storage: • A system to store, transport and inject gas into existing reservoirs. This is done by a pipeline, which is generally the cheapest form of transport, or by ship if pipelines are not available. • Alternatives to storage include carbonatization, deep sea deposit, and planting of photosynthetic plants in otherwise infertile areas. Currently these processes could remove around 90% of CO 2 at a cost of $35-90 per ton, including injection and storage in a reservoir. This is about 2- 3 times the long-term expected emission quota costs. 140
10 Units Some common units used in the oil and gas industry are listed here as a representative selection of US and metric units, since both are used in different parts of the oil industry. The non-standard factors differ slightly between different sources. API American Petroleum Institute crude grade API = (141.5 / Specific gravity ) – 131.5 Spec gravity = 141.5/(API + 131.5) kg/l Bl Barrel (of oil) 1 Bl = 42 Gallons 1 Bl = 159 liters 1 Bl equiv. to 5487 scf = 147 scm gas Bpd Barrel per day 1 Bpd ≈ 50 tons/tons per year BTU British thermal unit 1 BTU = 0.293 Wh = 1,055 kJ Cal Calorie 1 Cal = 4,187 J (Joules) MMscf Million standard cubic 1 MMscf = 23.8 TOE ≈ 174 barrels feet psi Pounds per square 1 psi = 6.9 kPa = 0.069 atm Scf Scm TOE kWh inch Standard cubic feet (of gas) defined by energy, not a normalized volume Standard cubic meter (of gas, also Ncm) Defined by energy content Tons oil equivalent Range 6.6 - 8 barrels at API range 8 - 52 Kilowatt hour = 1000 joules * 3600 S 1 scf = 1000 BTU = 252 kcal = 293 Wh = 1,055 MJ ≈ 0.0268 scm 1 Scm = 39 MJ = 10.8 kWh 1 Scm ≈ 37.33 Scf (not a volume conv.) 1 Scm ≈ 1.122 kg 1 TOE = 1000 kg = 1 Ton (metric) oil 1 TOE = 1 Tone oil (US) 1 TOE ≈ 7.33 Barrels (at 33 API) 1 TOE ≈ 42.9 GJ =11,9 MWh 1 TOE ≈ 40.6 MMBTU 1 TOE ≈ 1.51 ton of coal 1 TOE ≈ 0.79 ton LNG 1 TOE ≈ 1,125 Scm = 42,000 Scf 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 860 kcal = 3,413 BTU 141
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
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PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
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For gas gathering systems, it is co
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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
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for the operation of the pipeline.
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Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
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particular crude is merely a measur
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3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
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each different parts of the structu
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around 4.5 MPa. During production,
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well from caving in and to help in
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well to add multiple completions to
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Variable flow choke valve. The vari
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motor drives a reciprocating beam,
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The cycle starts with the plunger f
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4 The upstream oil and gas process
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The desired setting for each well a
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Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
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The environmental regulations in mo
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Heat exchangers of various forms ar
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• Reciprocating compressors, whic
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Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
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4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
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Gas metering is less accurate than
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5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
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o o Acid gas has a high content of
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5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
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5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
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5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
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pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
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LNG carriers are used when the tran
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Typical LNG train power use is abou
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The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
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6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
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3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
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Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
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Distillate hydrotreater units desul
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2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
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7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98: products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
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Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
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Page 117 and 118: P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
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Page 125 and 126: training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128: Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130: desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132: Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134: · Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136: 9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138: eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140: after well completion and fracturin
Page 141 and 142: gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144: 9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146: and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147: The main contribution to sea level
Page 151 and 152: 11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154: MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156: 12 References Web online sources an
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Page 159 and 160: polybutadiene .....................
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