Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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For gas gathering systems, it is common to meter the individual gathering lines into the manifold as shown in this picture. For multiphase flows (combination of gas, oil and water), the high cost of multiphase flow meters often leads to the use of software flow rate estimators that use well test data to calculate actual flow. Offshore, the dry completion wells on the main field center feed directly into production manifolds, while outlying wellhead towers and subsea installations feed via multiphase pipelines back to the production risers. Risers are a system that allows a pipeline to "rise" up to the topside structure. For floating structures, this involves a way to take up weight and movement. For heavy crude and in Arctic areas, diluents and heating may be needed to reduce viscosity and allow flow. 2.3.3 Separation Some wells have pure gas production which can be taken directly for gas treatment and/or compression. More often, the well produces a combination of gas, oil and water, with various contaminants that must be separated and processed. The production separators come in many forms and designs, with the classic variant being the gravity separator. Photo: JL Bryan Oilfield Equipment In gravity separation, the well flow is fed into a horizontal vessel. The retention period is typically five minutes, allowing gas to bubble out, water to settle at the bottom and oil to be taken out in the middle. The pressure is often reduced in several stages (high pressure separator, low pressure separator, etc.) to allow controlled separation of volatile components. A sudden pressure reduction might allow flash vaporization leading to instability and safety hazards. 14
2.3.4 Metering, storage and export Most plants do not allow local gas storage, but oil is often stored before loading on a vessel, such as a shuttle tanker taking oil to a larger tanker terminal, or direct to a crude carrier. Offshore production facilities without a direct pipeline connection generally rely on crude storage in the base or hull, allowing a shuttle tanker to offload about once a week. A larger production complex generally has an associated tank farm terminal allowing the storage of different grades of crude to take up changes in demand, delays in transport, etc. Metering stations allow operators to monitor and manage the natural gas and oil exported from the production installation. These employ specialized meters to measure the natural gas or oil as it flows through the pipeline, without impeding its movement. This metered volume represents a transfer of ownership from a producer to a customer (or another division within the company), and is called custody transfer metering. It forms the basis for invoicing the sold product and also for production taxes and revenue sharing between partners. Accuracy requirements are often set by governmental authorities. Typically, a metering installation consists of a number of meter runs so that one meter will not have to handle the full capacity range, and associated prover loops so that the meter accuracy can be tested and calibrated at regular intervals. 15
Page 1 and 2: Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
Page 3: PREFACE This handbook has been comp
Page 6 and 7: 4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
Page 8 and 9: 9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
Page 10 and 11: arrels per day in October, 1861, an
Page 12 and 13: 2 Facilities and processes The oil
Page 14 and 15: Although there is a wide range of s
Page 16 and 17: day GOSP. Product is sent from the
Page 18 and 19: FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
Page 20 and 21: water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
Page 26 and 27: for the operation of the pipeline.
Page 28 and 29: Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
Page 30 and 31: particular crude is merely a measur
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
Page 34 and 35: each different parts of the structu
Page 36 and 37: around 4.5 MPa. During production,
Page 38 and 39: well from caving in and to help in
Page 40 and 41: well to add multiple completions to
Page 42 and 43: Variable flow choke valve. The vari
Page 44 and 45: motor drives a reciprocating beam,
Page 46 and 47: The cycle starts with the plunger f
Page 48: 4 The upstream oil and gas process
Page 51 and 52: The desired setting for each well a
Page 53 and 54: Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
Page 55 and 56: The environmental regulations in mo
Page 57 and 58: Heat exchangers of various forms ar
Page 59 and 60: • Reciprocating compressors, whic
Page 61 and 62: Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
Page 65 and 66: Gas metering is less accurate than
Page 67 and 68: 5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
Page 69 and 70: o o Acid gas has a high content of
Page 71 and 72: 5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
Page 73 and 74:
5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
Page 75 and 76:
5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78:
pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80:
LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82:
Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84:
The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86:
6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88:
3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92:
Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94:
2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96:
7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98:
products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100:
formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102:
chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104:
appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106:
ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108:
terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110:
• Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112:
• Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114:
to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116:
PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118:
P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120:
system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122:
• Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124:
numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126:
training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128:
Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130:
desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132:
Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134:
· Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136:
9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138:
eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140:
after well completion and fracturin
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gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144:
9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146:
and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147 and 148:
The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150:
10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152:
11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154:
MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156:
12 References Web online sources an
Page 157 and 158:
cumene ............................
Page 159 and 160:
polybutadiene .....................
Page 161 and 162:
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