Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group
Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group
Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group
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As an alternative, when <strong>production</strong> is mainly <strong>gas</strong>, <strong>and</strong> remaining liquid<br />
droplets have <strong>to</strong> be separated out, the two-phase separa<strong>to</strong>r can be a knockout<br />
drum (K.O. drum).<br />
4.2.5 Coalescer<br />
After the third stage separa<strong>to</strong>r, the <strong>oil</strong> can go <strong>to</strong> a coalescer for final removal<br />
of water. In this unit, water content can be reduced <strong>to</strong> below 0.1%. The<br />
coalescer is completely filled with liquid: water at the bot<strong>to</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>oil</strong> on <strong>to</strong>p.<br />
Internal electrodes form an electric field <strong>to</strong> break surface bonds between<br />
conductive water <strong>and</strong> isolating <strong>oil</strong> in an <strong>oil</strong>-water emulsion. The coalescer<br />
field plates are generally steel, sometimes covered with dielectric material <strong>to</strong><br />
prevent short-circuits. The critical field strength in <strong>oil</strong> is in the range of 0.2 <strong>to</strong><br />
2 kV/cm. Field intensity <strong>and</strong> frequency as well as the coalescer grid layout<br />
are different for different manufacturers <strong>and</strong> <strong>oil</strong> types.<br />
4.2.6 Electrostatic desalter<br />
If the separated <strong>oil</strong><br />
contains unacceptable<br />
amounts of salts, they<br />
can be removed in an<br />
electrostatic desalter<br />
(not used in the Njord<br />
example). The salts,<br />
which may be sodium,<br />
calcium or magnesium<br />
chlorides, come from the reservoir water <strong>and</strong> are also dissolved in the <strong>oil</strong>.<br />
The desalters will be placed after the first or second stage separa<strong>to</strong>r<br />
depending on GOR <strong>and</strong> water cut. Pho<strong>to</strong>: Burgess Manning Europe PLC<br />
4.2.7 Water treatment<br />
On an installation such as this, where the water cut is high, there will be a<br />
huge amount of water produced. In our example, a water cut of 40% gives<br />
water <strong>production</strong> of about 4,000 cubic meters per day (4 million liters) that<br />
must be cleaned before discharge <strong>to</strong> sea. Often, this water contains s<strong>and</strong><br />
particles bound <strong>to</strong> the <strong>oil</strong>/water emulsion.<br />
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