Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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3. Safety and Security Systems Safety and Security Systems are used for safeguarding personnel and equipment in, on and around an installation according to international rules and standards. These systems are often adapted to meet local/company safety requirements. For best possible performance and flexibility, safety systems are closely integrated with each other, as well as to other internal and external systems. 4. Management and utility systems System and personnel well-being are supported by a number of management and utility systems that are intended to ease and simplify telecom maintenance and operations. In today's O&G world, all of these systems play an important role in laying the foundations for remote operation, diagnostics and maintenance of integrated operations. 126
9 Unconventional and conventional resources and environmental effects About 81.1% of the world’s primary energy consumption in 2012 was fossil fuels; 27.3% was coal, oil production was 32.4% or about 4.01 billion tons, and 21.4% was gas, with 3,39 trillion scm or 3.01 billion tons oil equivalent (TOE). Thus, total oil and gas production was 6.4 billion TOE, which is about 128.5 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (IEA 2012). Proven reserves are estimated at 201 billion TOE of oil and 6707 tcf of gas (180 trillion scm, 160 billion TOE) for a total of 361 billion TOE (converted from estimates by US Department of Energy, 2012), indicating that proven reserves will last for about 56 years. 9.1 Unconventional sources of oil and gas The reservoirs described earlier are called conventional sources of oil and gas. As demand increases, prices soar and new conventional resources become economically viable. At the same time, production of oil and gas from unconventional sources becomes more attractive. These unconventional sources include very heavy crudes, oil sands, oil shale, gas and synthetic crude from coal, coal bed methane, methane hydrates and biofuels. At the same time, improved oil recovery (IOR) can improve the percentage of the existing reservoirs that can be economically extracted. These effects are illustrated in principle in the following figure. 127
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
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PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
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For gas gathering systems, it is co
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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
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for the operation of the pipeline.
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Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
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particular crude is merely a measur
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3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
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each different parts of the structu
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around 4.5 MPa. During production,
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well from caving in and to help in
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well to add multiple completions to
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Variable flow choke valve. The vari
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motor drives a reciprocating beam,
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The cycle starts with the plunger f
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4 The upstream oil and gas process
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The desired setting for each well a
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Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
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The environmental regulations in mo
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Heat exchangers of various forms ar
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• Reciprocating compressors, whic
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Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
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4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
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Gas metering is less accurate than
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5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
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o o Acid gas has a high content of
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5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
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5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
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5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
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pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
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LNG carriers are used when the tran
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Typical LNG train power use is abou
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Page 85 and 86: 6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
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Page 89 and 90: Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92: Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94: 2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96: 7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98: products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
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Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
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Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124: numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126: training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128: Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130: desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132: Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
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Page 137 and 138: eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
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Page 141 and 142: gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144: 9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
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Page 147 and 148: The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150: 10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152: 11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153 and 154: MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 155 and 156: 12 References Web online sources an
Page 157 and 158: cumene ............................
Page 159 and 160: polybutadiene .....................
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