Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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• Set point adjustment: If rapid variations in load cause surge valve action, the set point will be moved to increase the surge margin. • Equal margin: The set point is adjusted to allow equal margin to surge between several compressors. • Model based control: Outside the compressor itself, the main parameter for the surge margin is the total volume from the surge valve to the compressor suction inlet, and the response time for the surge valve flow. A model predictive controller could predict surge conditions and react faster to real situations while preventing unnecessary recirculation. Since compressors require maintenance and are potentially expensive to replace, several other systems are normally included: Load management: To balance loading among several compressors in a train and between trains, the compressor control system often includes algorithms for load sharing, load shedding and loading. Compressors are normally purged with inert gas, such as nitrogen during longer shutdowns, e.g., for maintenance. Therefore, startup and shutdown sequences will normally include procedures to introduce and remove the purge gas. Vibration: Vibration is a good indicator of problems in compressors, and accelerometers are mounted on various parts of the equipment to be logged and analyzed by a vibration monitoring system. Speed governor: If the compressor is turbine driven, a dedicated speed governor handles the fuel valves and other controls on the turbine to maintain efficiency and control rotational speed. For electrical motors this function is handled by a variable speed drive. The final function around the compressor itself is lube and seal oil handling. Most compressors have wet seals, which are traps around shafts where oil at high pressure prevents gas from leaking out to atmosphere or other parts of the equipment. Oil is used for lubrication of the high speed bearings. This oil gradually absorbs gas under pressure and may become contaminated. It needs to be filtered and degassed. This happens in smaller reboilers, in much the same way as for the glycol reboilers described earlier. 54
4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering and export The final stage before the oil and gas leaves the platform consists of storage, pumps and pipeline terminal equipment. 4.4.1 Fiscal metering Partners, authorities and customers all calculate invoices, taxes and payments based on the actual product shipped out. Often, custody transfer also takes place at this point, which means transfer of responsibility or title from the producer to a customer, shuttle tanker operator or pipeline operator. Although some small installations are still operated with a dipstick and manual records, larger installations have analysis and metering equipment. To make sure readings are accurate, a fixed or movable prover loop for calibration is also installed. The illustration shows a full liquid hydrocarbon (oil and condensate) metering system. The analyzer instruments on the left provide product data such as density, viscosity and water content. Pressure and temperature compensation is also included. Figure 9. Metering system 55
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Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
Page 3:
PREFACE This handbook has been comp
Page 6 and 7:
4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
Page 8 and 9:
9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
Page 12 and 13: 2 Facilities and processes The oil
Page 14 and 15: Although there is a wide range of s
Page 16 and 17: day GOSP. Product is sent from the
Page 18 and 19: FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
Page 20 and 21: water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
Page 22 and 23: For gas gathering systems, it is co
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
Page 26 and 27: for the operation of the pipeline.
Page 28 and 29: Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
Page 30 and 31: particular crude is merely a measur
Page 32 and 33: 3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
Page 34 and 35: each different parts of the structu
Page 36 and 37: around 4.5 MPa. During production,
Page 38 and 39: well from caving in and to help in
Page 40 and 41: well to add multiple completions to
Page 42 and 43: Variable flow choke valve. The vari
Page 44 and 45: motor drives a reciprocating beam,
Page 46 and 47: The cycle starts with the plunger f
Page 48: 4 The upstream oil and gas process
Page 51 and 52: The desired setting for each well a
Page 53 and 54: Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
Page 55 and 56: The environmental regulations in mo
Page 57 and 58: Heat exchangers of various forms ar
Page 59 and 60: • Reciprocating compressors, whic
Page 61: Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
Page 65 and 66: Gas metering is less accurate than
Page 67 and 68: 5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
Page 69 and 70: o o Acid gas has a high content of
Page 71 and 72: 5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
Page 73 and 74: 5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
Page 75 and 76: 5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
Page 77 and 78: pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
Page 79 and 80: LNG carriers are used when the tran
Page 81 and 82: Typical LNG train power use is abou
Page 83 and 84: The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
Page 85 and 86: 6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
Page 87 and 88: 3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
Page 89 and 90: Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
Page 91 and 92: Distillate hydrotreater units desul
Page 93 and 94: 2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
Page 95 and 96: 7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
Page 97 and 98: products. Almost all aromatics come
Page 99 and 100: formed into molded products. Nylon
Page 101 and 102: chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104: appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114:
to-end safety integrity level. The
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PSD and can be handled with less st
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P&ID 109
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system by means of the available co
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• Flowline control to stabilize m
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numerical or computed variables are
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training facilities are often conne
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Therefore use of large variable spe
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desalination of seawater though dis
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Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
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· Mandatory radio system · Securi
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9 Unconventional and conventional r
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eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
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after well completion and fracturin
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gas - combined. However, research i
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9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
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and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
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The main contribution to sea level
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10 Units Some common units used in
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11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
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MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
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12 References Web online sources an
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cumene ............................
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polybutadiene .....................
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