Oil and gas production handbook An introduction to oil ... - ABB Group

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RRF Risk reduction factor RTU Remote terminal unit SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile SAS Safety and automation system SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition SIF Safety instrumented function SIL Safety integrity level (per IEC 61508) SIRC SIS Safety instrumented system TAED Tetraacetylethylenediamine TAME Tertiary-amyl-methyl-ether TBA Tertiary-butyl-alcohol TDI Toluene di-isocyanate TEA Triethanolamine TEPA Tetraethylenepentamine TIP Tie-in platform TLP Tension leg platform UMS Unmanned machinery space class (marine = E0) uPES, UPR, USPE Unsaturated polyester resins URF Umbilicals, risers and flowlines UV Ultraviolet VAM Vinyl acetate monomer VCM Vinyl chloride monomer VDU Vacuum distillation unit VOC Volatile organic compound WHP Well head platform XPS Extruded polystyrene 146
12 References Web online sources and references that have been used in compiling this document: • Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ • Statoil, Fact sheet Njord http://www.statoil.com/en/OurOperations/ExplorationProd/ncs/njord/Pages/default.aspx • International Energy Agency (IEA) -Key World Energy Statistics 2012 http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,31287,en.html • Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page • Oklahoma State, Marginal Well Commission, Pumper's Manual http://www.marginalwells.com/MWC/pumper_manual.htm (Discontinued) • Natural Gas Supply Association. See Natural Gas - From Wellhead to Burner Tip http://www.naturalgas.org/naturalgas/naturalgas.asp • US geological survey: http://www.usgs.gov/ • US Department of Energy: http://www.doe.gov/ • NORSOK Standards, Standards Norway (SN), http://www.standard.no/en/sectors/Petroleum/ • UK Offshore Operators Association (UKOOA) – For Students http://www.oilandgas.org.uk/education/students/intro.cfm • National Biodiesel Board http://www.biodiesel.org/ • PBS – Public Broadcasting Service - Extreme Oil http://www.pbs.org/wnet/extremeoil/index.html • The Story of Oil in Pennsylvania http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/pennsylvania.html • Air Liquide Gas Encyclopedia http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp 147
Page 1 and 2:
Håvard Devold Oil and gas producti
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PREFACE This handbook has been comp
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4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ........
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9.1.7 Biofuels ....................
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arrels per day in October, 1861, an
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2 Facilities and processes The oil
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Although there is a wide range of s
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day GOSP. Product is sent from the
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FPSO: Floating Production, Storage
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water depths from 300 up to 3,000 m
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For gas gathering systems, it is co
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2.3.5 Utility systems Utility syste
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for the operation of the pipeline.
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Photo: DOW, Terneusen, Netherlands
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particular crude is merely a measur
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3.1.3 Condensates While the ethane,
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each different parts of the structu
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around 4.5 MPa. During production,
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well from caving in and to help in
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well to add multiple completions to
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Variable flow choke valve. The vari
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motor drives a reciprocating beam,
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The cycle starts with the plunger f
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4 The upstream oil and gas process
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The desired setting for each well a
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Emergency valves (EVs) are sectioni
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The environmental regulations in mo
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Heat exchangers of various forms ar
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• Reciprocating compressors, whic
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Figure 8. Compressor state diagram
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4.4 Oil and gas storage, metering a
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Gas metering is less accurate than
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5 Midstream facilities Raw natural
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o o Acid gas has a high content of
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5.3.1 Acid gas removal Acid gases s
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5.3.4 Nitrogen rejection Excessive
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5.4 Pipelines Pipeline installation
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pressure-reducing turbines (or brak
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LNG carriers are used when the tran
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Typical LNG train power use is abou
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The dual cycle mixed refrigerant (D
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6 Refining Up to the early 1970s, c
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3 and 4 and boiling points -42 °C
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Figure 20. Refinery process flow di
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Distillate hydrotreater units desul
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2 H 2 S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2 O The
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7 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are
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products. Almost all aromatics come
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formed into molded products. Nylon
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chains with only two, three or four
Page 103 and 104: appliance housings, dishwasher-proo
Page 105 and 106: ubber is a vinyl polymer, and is ve
Page 107 and 108: terephthalic acid (PTA) as the pref
Page 109 and 110: • Field instrumentation: sensors
Page 111 and 112: • Optimization of various process
Page 113 and 114: to-end safety integrity level. The
Page 115 and 116: PSD and can be handled with less st
Page 117 and 118: P&ID 109
Page 119 and 120: system by means of the available co
Page 121 and 122: • Flowline control to stabilize m
Page 123 and 124: numerical or computed variables are
Page 125 and 126: training facilities are often conne
Page 127 and 128: Therefore use of large variable spe
Page 129 and 130: desalination of seawater though dis
Page 131 and 132: Polyelectrolyte Methanol (MEG) TEG
Page 133 and 134: · Mandatory radio system · Securi
Page 135 and 136: 9 Unconventional and conventional r
Page 137 and 138: eleases bitumen from the oil sand,
Page 139 and 140: after well completion and fracturin
Page 141 and 142: gas - combined. However, research i
Page 143 and 144: 9.1.8 Hydrogen Although not a hydro
Page 145 and 146: and gas, the remainder is coal, pea
Page 147 and 148: The main contribution to sea level
Page 149 and 150: 10 Units Some common units used in
Page 151 and 152: 11 Glossary of terms and acronyms A
Page 153: MEG MEK MMA MP MPA MPG / USP MSDS M
Page 157 and 158: cumene ............................
Page 159 and 160: polybutadiene .....................
Page 161 and 162: 153
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