Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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SUPPORT Funds for the first edition were provided by a grant from the USDA’s Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems and from the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program (USDA agreement #2002-47001-01329) and the EPA Region 2 under their FQPA/ Strategic Agricultural Initiative program. Institutional support was provided by Cornell University’s New York Agricultural Experiment Station and Cornell Cooperative Extension, OMRI, and MOFGA. The second edition was supported by the Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. SARE is a program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association (MOFGA) and Cornell University provided institutional support. HOW TO ORDER A limited number of copies are available from the NYSAES online bookstore for $20 + shipping. A free pdf is available at http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/resourceguide/ The ISBN number is 0-9676507-8-X. Publication date: January 2013 Organic Resource Guide 3
ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL FOR Allium Crops INTRODUCTION Onions, garlic, leeks, shallots, scallions, and chives all belong to the genus Allium, as do about 20 other species of food crops used around the world. The edible portion of the plant is the leaf in some species (e.g., scallions, chives, leeks), the bulb in others (e.g., onion, garlic), or both. A bulb is a reproductive organ consisting of swollen leaf bases on a very shortened stem. Diseases and insects attack the root, leaf, or the bulb, reducing the yield and marketability of the crop or, if infested at the seedling stage, destroying it entirely. To a greater or lesser extent, all species in the genus generally suffer from the same pests and diseases. I. INSECT CONTROL__________________________________ ONION MAGGOT (Delia antiqua) The onion maggot is the larva of a fly that is slightly smaller than the common house fly but with longer legs. Each female can lay several hundred eggs at the base of onion plants. The eggs hatch in 2-3 days, and the maggots crawl down into the soil and feed on the roots and basal plate of the onion (Photo 1.1). Onion seedlings cannot tolerate the feeding and are usually killed. A maggot may kill several adjacent seedlings before it completes its development. The first sign of the problem is wilting seedlings. Larger onions that are attacked by the second or third generation of this pest may survive but may be misshapen, invaded by disease organisms at the wound site, or both, resulting in rotting onions. Yellow onions are much more attractive to the fly than red onions; leeks, garlic, and shallots are less attractive than onions. In the Northeast, there are typically three generations per year. In the spring (May in the Northeast), adult flies emerge from overwintering pupae and search for onions. Flights can be predicted by following accumulated base 40° F degree days. Peak flight of the first generation is at 700 DD at a base of 40° F; peak for the second is 1960 DD at a base of 40° F, and peak for the third is 3240 DD at a base of 40° F. In some states, DD are calculated for specific locations; these should be used to help predict management strategies. In New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, for example, see: http://newa.cornell.edu/index.php?page=onion-maggot. Another method of monitoring flights is to bait (with onions) an inverted screen cone trap mounted on wire legs. Its usefulness is greatest for detecting population levels in the early season. If flights are detected before onions are planted, then floating row covers or other management strategies are warranted. Observing the flies in the field is possible too. They are common in the morning, especially on damaged onions, which are more attractive to the flies. There is little an organic producer can do once the eggs are laid, which limits the usefulness of monitoring after egg-laying has occurred. Cultural Control: 1. Encouraging natural enemies by diversifying habitat and food sources and refraining from the use of broad-spectrum pesticides will help lower onion maggot populations; however, these measures will not normally provide sufficient control and must be supplemented by other strategies. There is a parasitic wasp that attacks maggots and a fungal pathogen that infects adults but these are generally not useful in preventing early season injury. Important predators of eggs, larvae, and pupae include many species of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and ground beetles (Coleoptera Carabidae). Maintaining untilled refuge strips may help sustain predator populations. 4 Organic Resource Guide
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
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Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
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Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
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level of pest control is likely to
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
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eetle in field trials; however, it
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
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OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
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Other: There is one study showing f
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products. Best results were obtaine
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144 Organic Resource Guide use is t
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Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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the individual species in a group,
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Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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