Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Spores are produced on nights with high humidity and temperatures between 39 and 77°F. The infected area appears violet in the morning, but most of the spores are dispersed by wind during the day, leaving a whitish mycelial growth. Leaves become girdled at the site of the lesion, fold over, and die from the affected point toward the tip. Dead leaves do not support further spore production. Downy mildew seldom kills the plant, but yields and storage quality are greatly reduced. This pathogen overwinters as mycelia in diseased tissue, primarily on volunteer onion plants, bulbs left in fields for seed production, cull piles, or in perennial varieties of onions. In the spring, the mycelia produce spores that spread the pathogen to the new crop. The newly infected plants produce spores that are windblown and further spread the pathogen. Under favorable conditions (cool temperatures and high humidity), it takes only 10-16 days for a new lesion to produce spores, so an epidemic in a field can develop quickly. It can also overwinter as thick-walled oospores in the soil, which germinate and systemically infect seedling onions planted the following year. Cultural Control: 1. Cull onions should be destroyed. 2. Perennial onions should not be grown if downy mildew has been a problem in the area. 3. Crop debris should be plowed deeply. 4. Onions should not be grown in the same field in consecutive years. Materials Approved for Organic Production: Sonata and Serenade have shown efficacy. SMUT (Urocystis magica) Onion smut occurs worldwide but is most common in areas that have cool summers. All Alliums can be infected, but garlic is much less susceptible than onions, leeks, and shallots. Only onions grown from seed are susceptible. Infection is only possible in young plants from the second day after germination until the seedling has its first true leaf, a period of about 10-15 days after seeding. Spores can remain viable in the soil for many years. Spores may be stimulated to germinate by root exudates from growing onions, at which time the fungus is able to penetrate the onion seedling between the root and the cotyledon. Once in the onion, it can invade each new leaf base and bulb scale as they grow; however, the germinating spore is unable to directly invade a true leaf. Thus, seedlings and sets are immune to new infection once they have true leaves above ground. The first symptoms are dark lesions on the cotyledons soon after they emerge from the soil. The infection can then progress inward from leaf to leaf, forming lesions that eventually turn black with powdery spore masses. Plants become stunted and may die. This pathogen does not cause infected bulbs to rot, but they may become infected with secondary rotting organisms. Cultural Control: 1. Grow onions from seedlings that have been raised in clean soil or from sets free of the disease. 2. Avoid contaminating smut-free fields with infested soil or infected crop residue. 3. There are some smut resistant varieties. Materials Approved for Organic Production: At this time, none have shown efficacy. Organic Resource Guide 15
16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCES Abawi, G. S. & Moktan, K. (2010). 2010 Bloat Nematode Problem on Garlic: Symptoms, Distribution, and Management Guidelines. Retrieved from: http://www.hort.cornell. edu/expo/... Garlic/Abawi bloatSum.pdf. Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H. K. & Reed, K.K. (1988). Biological Control of Onion Maggot and Tobacco Cutworm with Insect-Parasitic Nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 27, 185-189. Coventry, E., Noble, R., Mead, A., Marin, F. R., Perez, J. A., & Whipps, J. M. (2006). Allium White Rot Suppression with Composts and Trichoderma viride in Relation to Sclerotia Viability. Phytopathology, 96(9), 1009-1020. Howard, R. J., Garland, J. A., & Seaman, W. L. (1994). Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of Canada. Ottawa. Howell, J. C. & Hazzard, R. V. (2012). New England Vegetable Management Guide. http:// umassextensionbookstore.com/. Nault, B. A., Straub, W., & Taylor, A. G. (2006). Performance of Novel Insecticide Seed Treatments for Managing Onion Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Onion Fields. Crop Protection, 25(1), 58-65. Schroeder, B.K. & Humann, J. L. (2010). Evaluation of Onion Cultivars for Resistance to Three Bacterial Storage Rot Pathogens in Washington State, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports, 4(V113). doi:10.1094/PDMR04. Schwartz, H. F. & Mohan, S. K. (1995). Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases. American Phytopathological Society. Seebold, K. W., Boyhan, G. E., Torrance, R. L., & Cook, M. J. (2003). Screening cultivars of sweet onion for susceptibility to pink root, 2002. B&C Tests, 18:V024. doi:10.1094/BC18.
Page 1 and 2: RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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Page 13 and 14: 6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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106 Organic Resource Guide from tol
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
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Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
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Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
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level of pest control is likely to
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
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eetle in field trials; however, it
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
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OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
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Other: There is one study showing f
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products. Best results were obtaine
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144 Organic Resource Guide use is t
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Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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the individual species in a group,
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150 Organic Resource Guide Hazzard,
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152 Organic Resource Guide plant oi
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154 Organic Resource Guide REFERENC
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156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
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Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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